Recuperación económica y precariedad laboral en la Argentina. Una mirada regional

Luego de la profunda crisis experimentada entre fines de 2001 y principios de 2003, la economía argentina registró una fuerte y sostenida recuperación. Este panorama tuvo su correlato en el mercado laboral: mientras que la evolución de sus indicadores para el período precedente (1998 a 2003) llevó a que la escasez de trabajo y de puestos de calidad fuera la temática central de las discusiones relacionadas con cuestiones sociales y políticas de principios de este siglo en la Argentina, el nuevo escenario plantea, creemos, nuevas preguntas y nuevos debates. En este sentido, el presente trabajo pretende aportar evidencia empírica a los interrogantes siguientes: ¿Cómo impactó la última recuperación económica en la precariedad laboral y el no registro en la Argentina? ¿Ese impacto fue similar para todas las regiones? Si no fue así, entonces: ¿cuáles fueron las regiones en las que la precariedad y el no registro disminuyó más? ¿Cuáles fueron las principales razones del cambio? El análisis se realiza con datos provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares Continua, con énfasis en el enfoque regional y utilizando descomposiciones microeconométricas de los cambios registrados. Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca que la precariedad laboral se redujo en el período bajo estudio, pero casi la mitad de esta reducción desaparece cuando no se computa a los beneficiarios de planes de empleo como asalariados. La precariedad laboral disminuyó más en el noa que en el resto del país, aunque el nivel de partida de esta región fue mucho más elevado que el resto. Finalmente, la elasticidad empleo total-producto y la elasticidad empleo asalariado-producto observadas son positivas, aunque con una tendencia decreciente. Sorprendentemente, la elasticidad de la precariedad laboral frente a cambios en el producto parece haber sido procíclica a nivel país, con el noa comportándose de manera diferencial

Recuperación económica y precariedad laboral en la Argentina. Una mirada regional

Luego de la profunda crisis experimentada entre fines de 2001 y principios de 2003, la economía argentina registró una fuerte y sostenida recuperación. Este panorama tuvo su correlato en el mercado laboral: mientras que la evolución de sus indicadores para el período precedente (1998 a 2003) llevó a que la escasez de trabajo y de puestos de calidad fuera la temática central de las discusiones relacionadas con cuestiones sociales y políticas de principios de este siglo en la Argentina, el nuevo escenario plantea, creemos, nuevas preguntas y nuevos debates. En este sentido, el presente trabajo pretende aportar evidencia empírica a los interrogantes siguientes: ¿Cómo impactó la última recuperación económica en la precariedad laboral y el no registro en la Argentina? ¿Ese impacto fue similar para todas las regiones? Si no fue así, entonces: ¿cuáles fueron las regiones en las que la precariedad y el no registro disminuyó más? ¿Cuáles fueron las principales razones del cambio? El análisis se realiza con datos provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares Continua, con énfasis en el enfoque regional y utilizando descomposiciones microeconométricas de los cambios registrados. Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca que la precariedad laboral se redujo en el período bajo estudio, pero casi la mitad de esta reducción desaparece cuando no se computa a los beneficiarios de planes de empleo como asalariados. La precariedad laboral disminuyó más en el noa que en el resto del país, aunque el nivel de partida de esta región fue mucho más elevado que el resto. Finalmente, la elasticidad empleo total-producto y la elasticidad empleo asalariado-producto observadas son positivas, aunque con una tendencia decreciente. Sorprendentemente, la elasticidad de la precariedad laboral frente a cambios en el producto parece haber sido procíclica a nivel país, con el noa comportándose de manera diferencial

Recuperación económica y precariedad laboral en la Argentina. Una mirada regional

Luego de la profunda crisis experimentada entre fines de 2001 y principios de 2003, la economía argentina registró una fuerte y sostenida recuperación. Este panorama tuvo su correlato en el mercado laboral: mientras que la evolución de sus indicadores para el período precedente (1998 a 2003) llevó a que la escasez de trabajo y de puestos de calidad fuera la temática central de las discusiones relacionadas con cuestiones sociales y políticas de principios de este siglo en la Argentina, el nuevo escenario plantea, creemos, nuevas preguntas y nuevos debates. En este sentido, el presente trabajo pretende aportar evidencia empírica a los interrogantes siguientes: ¿Cómo impactó la última recuperación económica en la precariedad laboral y el no registro en la Argentina? ¿Ese impacto fue similar para todas las regiones? Si no fue así, entonces: ¿cuáles fueron las regiones en las que la precariedad y el no registro disminuyó más? ¿Cuáles fueron las principales razones del cambio? El análisis se realiza con datos provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares Continua, con énfasis en el enfoque regional y utilizando descomposiciones microeconométricas de los cambios registrados. Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca que la precariedad laboral se redujo en el período bajo estudio, pero casi la mitad de esta reducción desaparece cuando no se computa a los beneficiarios de planes de empleo como asalariados. La precariedad laboral disminuyó más en el noa que en el resto del país, aunque el nivel de partida de esta región fue mucho más elevado que el resto. Finalmente, la elasticidad empleo total-producto y la elasticidad empleo asalariado-producto observadas son positivas, aunque con una tendencia decreciente. Sorprendentemente, la elasticidad de la precariedad laboral frente a cambios en el producto parece haber sido procíclica a nivel país, con el noa comportándose de manera diferencial

Study of the surface hardness and modulus of elasticity of conventional and microwave-cured acrylic resins

The aim of this study was to evaluate the following acrylic resins: Clássico®, QC-20® and Lucitone®, recommended specifically for thermal polymerization, and Acron MC® and VIPI-WAVE®, made for polymerization by microwave energy. The resins were evaluated regarding their surface nanohardness and modulus of elasticity, while varying the polymerization time recommended by the manufacturer. They were also compared as to the presence of water absorbed by the samples. The technique used was nanoindentation, using the Nano Indenter XP®, MTS. According to an intra-group analysis, when using the polymerization time recommended by the manufacturer, a variation of 0.14 to 0.23 GPa for nanohardness and 2.61 to 3.73 GPa for modulus of elasticity was observed for the thermally polymerized resins. The variation for the resins made for polymerization by microwave energy was 0.15 to 0.22 GPa for nanohardness and 2.94 to 3.73 GPa for modulus of elasticity. The conclusion was that the Classico® resin presented higher nanohardness and higher modulus of elasticity values when compared to those of the same group, while Acron MC® presented the highest values for the same characteristics when compared to those of the same group. The water absorption evaluation showed that all the thermal polymerization resins, except for Lucitone®, presented significant nanohardness differences when submitted to dehydration or rehydration, while only Acron MC® presented no significant differences when submitted to a double polymerization time. Regarding the modulus of elasticity, it was observed that all the tested materials and products, except for Lucitone®, showed a significant increase in modulus of elasticity when submitted to a lack of hydration.

Relationship between birthweight and arterial elasticity in childhood

There is a considerable debate about the potential influence of fetal programming on cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. In the present prospective epidemiological cohort study, the relationship between birthweight and arterial elasticity in 472 children between 5 and 8 years of age was assessed. LAEI (large artery elasticity index), SAEI (small artery elasticity index) and BP (blood pressure) were assessed using the HDI/PulseWave CR-2000 CardioVascular Profiling System. Blood concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol and its fractions [LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol and HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol] and triacylglycerols (triglycerides) were determined by automated enzymatic methods. Insulin was assessed by a chemiluminescent method, insulin resistance by HOMA (homoeostasis model assessment) and CRP (C-reactive protein) by immunonephelometry. Two linear regression models were applied to investigate the relationship between the outcomes, LAEI and SAEI, and the following variables: birthweight, gestational age, glucose, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, insulin, CRP, HOMA, age, gender, waist circumference, per capita income, SBP (systolic BP) and DBP (diastolic BP). LAEI was positively associated with birthweight (P=0.036), waist circumference (P<0.001) and age (P<0.001), and negatively associated with CRP (P=0.024) and SBP (P<0.001). SAEI was positively associated with birthweight (P=0.04), waist circumference (P=0.001) and age (P<0.001), and negatively associated with DBP (P<0.001). Arterial elasticity was decreased in apparently healthy children who had lower birthweights, indicating an earlier atherogenetic susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases in adolescence and adult life. Possible explanations for the results include changes in angiogenesis during critical phases of intrauterine life caused by periods of fetal growth inhibition and local haemodynamic anomalies

A hybrid-Trefftz formulation for plane elasticity with selective enrichment of the approximations

This work is related to the so-called non-conventional finite element formulations. Essentially, a methodology for the enrichment of the initial approximation which is typical of the meshless methods and based on the clouds concept is introduced in the hybrid-Trefftz formulation for plane elasticity. The formulation presented allows for the approximation and direct enrichment of two independent fields: stresses in the domains and displacements on the boundaries of the elements. Defined by a set of elements and interior boundaries sharing a common node, the cloud notion is employed to select the enrichment support for the approximation fields. The numerical analysis performed reveals an excellent performance of the resulting formulation, characterized by the good approximation ability and a reduced computational effort. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A STUDY OF PENALTY FORMULATIONS USED IN THE NUMERICAL APPROXIMATION OF A RADIALLY SYMMETRIC ELASTICITY PROBLEM

We consider a class of two-dimensional problems in classical linear elasticity for which material overlapping occurs in the absence of singularities. Of course, material overlapping is not physically realistic, and one possible way to prevent it uses a constrained minimization theory. In this theory, a minimization problem consists of minimizing the total potential energy of a linear elastic body subject to the constraint that the deformation field must be locally invertible. Here, we use an interior and an exterior penalty formulation of the minimization problem together with both a standard finite element method and classical nonlinear programming techniques to compute the minimizers. We compare both formulations by solving a plane problem numerically in the context of the constrained minimization theory. The problem has a closed-form solution, which is used to validate the numerical results. This solution is regular everywhere, including the boundary. In particular, we show numerical results which indicate that, for a fixed finite element mesh, the sequences of numerical solutions obtained with both the interior and the exterior penalty formulations converge to the same limit function as the penalization is enforced. This limit function yields an approximate deformation field to the plane problem that is locally invertible at all points in the domain. As the mesh is refined, this field converges to the exact solution of the plane problem.

Asymmetry and duration dependence in Australian GDP and unemployment

The per iodic structure of business cycles suggests that significant asymmetries are present over different phases of the cycle. This paper uses markov regime-switching models with fixed and duration dependent transition probabilities to directly model expansions, contractions and durations in Australian GDP growth and unemployment growth. Evidence is found of significant asymmetry in growth rates across expansions and contractions for both series. GDP contractions exhibit duration dependence implying that as output recessions age the likelihood of switching into an expansion phase increases. Unemployment growth does not exhibit duration dependence in either phase. Evidence is also presented that non-linearities in unemployment growth are well explained by the asymmetries in the GDP growth cycle. The analysis suggests that recessions are periods of rapid and intense job destruction, that Australian unemployment tends to ratchet up in recessionary periods and, in contrast to US and UK studies, that shocks to Australian unemployment growth are more persistent in recessions than expansions. [E37 C5 C41].

Real exchange rate and elasticity of labour supply in a balance-of-payments-constrained macrodynamics

A macrodynamic model is proposed in which the real exchange rate and the elasticity of labour supply interact defining different trajectories of growth and income distribution in a developing economy. Growth depends on imports of capital goods which are paid with exports (there are no capital flows) and hence is constrained by equilibrium in current account. The role of the elasticity of labour supply is to prevent the real exchange rate from appreciating as the economy grows, thereby sustaining international competitiveness. The model allows for endogenous technological change and considers the impact of migration from the subsistence to the modern sector on the cumulative (Kaldor-Verdoorn) process of learning.

The association of Na,K-ATPase subunits studied by circular dichroism, surface tension and dilatational elasticity

Different stoichiometries are observed between alpha and beta subunits of Na,K-ATPase that depend on the method employed to solubilize and purify the enzyme. It is not known whether this variability is due to loss of protein-protein association, or is a result of the replacement of essential phospholipids by detergent molecules. With the aim of understanding the effect of enzyme/surfactant ratio on both the catalytic activity and the enzyme structure, we have investigated the bulk and surface properties of the enzyme. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra, surface tension and dilatational surface elasticity results were compared with the residual ATPase activity of the Na,K-ATPase in different surfactant and protein concentrations. Na,K-ATPase in the (alpha beta)(2) form dissociated to the alpha beta form on dilution, and associated to the (alpha beta)(4) form when concentrated. These different stoichiometries have similar ATPase activities and are in equilibrium at C(12)E(8) concentrations below the CIVIC (0.053 mg mL(-1)). At detergent concentrations above the CIVIC the ATPase activity of all forms was abolished, which is concomitant with the dissociation of the a and subunits. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

True measures of GDP and convergence

Widely used ''purchasing power parity'' comparisons of per capita GDP are not true quantity indexes and are subject to systematic substitution bins. This bias may distort measurement of convergence and divergence. Extending Varian's nonparametric construction of a true index gives the set of true indexes, including the new Ideal Afriat Index. These indexes are utility-consistent and independent of arbitrary reference price vectors. We establish bounds on the dispersion of true multilateral indexes, hence bounds on convergence. International price indexes understate both true GDP dispersion and, where prices are converging over time, the rate of true quantity convergence.

O impacto da variação do preço na procura de cuidados de saúde

RESUMO - Assiste-se a um crescimento exponencial das despesas em saúde, quer na Europa como nos Estados Unidos. Em Portugal, os gastos totais com a saúde ascenderam a 10,2% do PIB, em 2006, contra os 8,8% registados no início da década anterior. É importante perceber o que motiva este crescimento quer em termos globais, quer no que diz respeito ao consumo de recursos, bem como até em termos da despesa pública. Este projecto tem dois objectivos fundamentais: em primeiro lugar, contribuir para o estudo dos factores determinantes da procura de cuidados de saúde em Portugal e, consequentemente, determinar as elasticidades procura – preço para diferentes tipos de cuidados de saúde. Metodologia: Estudo observacional baseado na análise empírica de dados administrativos (claims) respeitantes à utilização dos cuidados de saúde por parte de 12.230 indivíduos detentores de um plano de seguro de saúde individual, numa seguradora privada em Portugal. As elasticidades procura – preço para os diferentes tipos de cuidados de saúde obtiveram-se utilizando as variações percentuais das quantidades dos diferentes cuidados de saúde, antes e depois da variação do preço pago pelo indivíduo, para cada tipo de cuidado de saúde. Resultados: De acordo com a teoria económica tradicional o aumento do preço a pagar reduz o consumo de cuidados de saúde, e a procura é elástica, ou seja, os valores da elasticidade procura – preço obtidos são superiores a 1, em valor absoluto, logo o aumento do preço levou a uma redução mais do que proporcional das quantidades procuradas. A procura de cuidados de saúde em ambulatório é mais sensível à variação do preço do que a procura de cuidados de internamento. ------- ABSTRACT - We are witnessing an exponential growth of health care expenditures around the world. In Portugal, the total expenditure on health amounted to 10.2% of GDP in 2006, against 8.8% at the beginning of previous decade. It is important to understand what motivates this growth both in overall terms, with respect to resource consumption, and even in terms of public spending. This study was designed two achieve two objectives: first, to contribute to the study of demand for health care and, more specifically, to analyze the effect of price changes on the utilization of health care services; and secondly, to estimate the demand elasticity for different types of heath care. Methodology: Observational study based on empirical analysis of administrative data (claims) from a private health insurance Company in Portugal. The sample used had information regarding 12.230 individuals. Demand elasticity for the different types of health care services was obtained by the quotient between the percentage changes in the quantity of health care services, before and after the change in the price paid by the corresponding percentage change in the price. Results: This study showed that, for all medical services, price increases were associated with reductions in the quantity of care consumed as predicted by neoclassical demand theory, and we are in the presence of an elastic demand. This means that price elasticity is greater than 1 in absolute value so the increase in the price led to a more than proportional reduction in the quantity demanded. Demand elasticity was more responsive to changes in the price of specialist and emergency care than to changes in the price of inpatient care.

Demand Response Programs Definition Using Demand Price Elasticity to Define Consumers Aggregation for an Improved Remuneration Structure

The positioning of the consumers in the power systems operation has been changed in the recent years, namely due to the implementation of competitive electricity markets. Demand response is an opportunity for the consumers’ participation in electricity markets. Smart grids can give an important support for the integration of demand response. The methodology proposed in the present paper aims to create an improved demand response program definition and remuneration scheme for aggregated resources. The consumers are aggregated in a certain number of clusters, each one corresponding to a distinct demand response program, according to the economic impact of the resulting remuneration tariff. The knowledge about the consumers is obtained from its demand price elasticity values. The illustrative case study included in the paper is based on a 218 consumers’ scenario.

Predicting GDP growth in the Euro Area

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics