Mothers' and fathers' views of the interdependence of their relationships with their infant: a systems perspective on early family relationships.

This study examined the interrelatedness of mother-infant and father-infant relationships as they develop over the first 4 months postpartum as well as the dynamics used by the couple to balance these relationships. First-time mother-father couples (n = 18) were interviewed separately at 1, 6, and 16 weeks postpartum using the Parent-Infant Relationship Interview. The data were analyzed using in-depth qualitative strategies. The parents' core themes of their early family relationships ranged from an undifferentiated unit at 1 week, to being a highly disorganized unit at 6 weeks, to a more integrated unit at 16 weeks. These results suggest that one should be thinking of early family relationships and parenting in terms of "messy processes" out of which new ways of being together are created. This disorganization plays a fundamental role in the establishment of early family relationships and warrants further empirical and clinical attention.

The family alliance assessment scales : steps toward validity and reliability of an observational assessment tool for early family interactions

We present the first steps in the validation of an observational tool for father-mother-infant interactions: the FAAS (Family Alliance Assessment Scales). Family-level variables are acknowledged as unique contributors to the understanding of the socio-affective development of the child, yet producing reliable assessments of family-level interactions poses a methodological challenge. There is, therefore, a clear need for a validated and clinically relevant tool. This validation study has been carried out on three samples: one non-referred sample, of families taking part in a study on the transition to parenthood (normative sample; n = 30), one referred for medically assisted procreation (infertility sample; n = 30) and one referred for a psychiatric condition in one parent (clinical sample; n = 15). Results show that the FAAS scales have (1) good inter-rater reliability and (2) good validity, as assessed through known-group validity by comparing the three samples and through concurrent validity by checking family interactions against parents' self-reported marital satisfaction.

A history of the family of Early in America: being the ancestors and descendents of Jeremiah Early, who came from the county of Donegal, Ireland, and settled in what is now Madison county, Virginia early in the eighteenth century,

Mode of access: Internet.

New evidence for the social embeddedness of infants' early triangular capacities.

Infants appear to be active participants in complex interactional sequences with their parents far earlier than previously theorized. In this report, we document the capacity of 3-month-old infants to share attention with two partners (mothers and fathers) simultaneously, and trace links between this capacity and early family group-level dynamics. During comprehensive evaluations of the family's emergent coparenting alliance completed in 113 homes, we charted infants' eye gaze patterns during two different mother-father-infant assessment paradigms. Triangular capacities (operationalized as the frequency of rapid multishift gaze transitions between parents during interactions) were stable across interaction context. Infants exhibiting more advanced triangular capacities belonged to families showing evidence of better coparental adjustment. Theoretical and practice implications of these findings are discussed.

Coparenting and Toddler's Interactive Styles in Family Coalitions

The current study examined the coparenting and toddler's interactive styles in family coalitions. According to structural family theory, boundaries between generations are clear in alliances, but disturbed in coalitions: the parents look to the child to regulate their conflictual relationship and the child attempts to meet this need. In a normative sample studied longitudinally during the Lausanne Trilogue Play situation (LTP, N=38), 15 coalition cases were detected. Styles of coparenting and of child's interactions were determined and compared in coalition and alliance cases at 18 months. Findings confirm the structural family model by showing the specific ways in which the coparenting and the toddler's interactive styles are associated in 3 different patterns of coalitions: binding, detouring, and triangulation. They illustrate how the child's triangular capacity, or her ability to simultaneously communicate with both parents, is used to regulate the parents' relationship. They suggest that the LTP observational paradigm is a promising assessment method of early family interactions. They point to the importance of assessing early the child's contribution to family coalitions.

Longitudinal effects of family factors on alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among males from pre-adolescence to adulthood

The goal of this study was to examine the longitudinal effects of five family factors on alcohol use among adolescent males. The family factors included familism (family pride, loyalty, and cohesion), parent derogation (being put down by parents), parent/child communication, family alcohol problems and family drug problems. The study focused on the effects of the family factors reported by a sample of 451 White-non-Hispanic and African American males during early and mid-adolescence on (1) the intensity of alcohol use in mid-adolescence, and (2) the number of problems associated with alcohol use during the transition to young adulthood. The study also explored racial differences in the effects of the family factors. The data for this study were derived from a two-phase longitudinal epidemiologic cohort study of male and female adolescents enrolled in middle schools in Miami, FL. Data were collected at four points between 1990 and 2001. Linear and logistical regressions were used to analyze the effects of the family variables on the dependent variables. ^ The results of the analyses indicated that all of the family variables except family drug problems were statistically significant predictors of the level of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Familism had a moderate influence on both of the dependent variables at all data points, while parent derogation, parent/child communication and family alcohol problems were weak predictors. While the family factors varied by race, their impact on the dependent variables did not vary substantially. ^ This study had methodological shortcomings related to measurement and design that may have contributed to the weak influence of the variables. Future studies should explore possible mediating effects of these variables, and should employ more sensitive measures that are culturally appropriate. The results suggest that, since early family factors have long-term effects on children's substance-using behaviors, the family environment should be addressed in prevention and intervention efforts. ^

A Process Analysis of Males and Females who Attended a Community Based Addiction Treatment Service: Towards an Expanded Paradigm

A process analysis was conducted in a community - based treatment programme for alcohol abuse. The aims of the study were: to evaluate assessment instruments and measures; to measure change following treatment; to monitor gender differences; to assess the importance of early and current relationships; and to evaluate the effects of therapists. Subjects (n=145, males 83/females 62) completed a semi-structured interview schedule, Severity of Alcohol Dependency Questionnaire (SADQ), Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire (SADD); General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12), and Alcohol Problems Questionnaire (APQ). A further three non-standardised self-rated measures were devised by the author. Included was the opportunity to obtain qualitative data. Follow up data was collected at 3, 9 and 15 months following first assessment. The SADD, APQ and consumption measures using detailed drink diaries proved the most relevant assessment measures. Following treatment, there was significant reduction in clients' dependency levels at 3 months, maintained through 9 and 15 months. Key client-rated changes were progress in reducing consumption and alcohol problems leading to a better quality of life and health. Qualitative data augmented these quantitative results. Psychological and acquired cognitive behavioural skills emerged as the main reasons for positive change and the treatment programme was found to have played a significant role in their acquisition. It appears that addressing marital problems can lead to a reduction in alcohol dependency levels. Gender analysis showed that males and females were similar in demographic characteristics, alcohol history details and dependence levels. It was concluded that the differences found did not necessitate different treatment programmes for women. Early family relationships were more problematic for females. Therapist performance varied and that variance was reflected in their clients' outcomes.This resource was contributed by The National Documentation Centre on Drug Use.

Parents - child role reversal in trilogue play: case studies of trajectories from pregnancy to toddlerhood

Role reversal, whereby a child attempts to meet her parent's adult needs for parenting, intimacy, or companionship, has been identified as a risk factor for developmental disturbances. It has been defined from diverse perspectives as a child attachment strategy, a parent - toddler relational disturbance, and a boundary disturbance between parents and child. The recently discovered infant's triangular capacity, namely the sharing of her attention and affects with both parents, allows one to analyse the infant's contribution to early family dynamics. Role reversal was detected in 4 out of 45 father - mother - infant interactions observed in trilogue play from pregnancy to toddlerhood. The developmental trajectories towards role reversal are explored by means of case analyses. Results are compared with cases of problematic triangulation encountered in the same sample. In role reversal, family interactions are rigidly organized around a "two against one" coalition, whereby the normative hierarchy between parents and child is reversed. The child's triangular capacity is overactivated, controlling the tension between her parents by provocation - animation strategies

Individual difference factors and men's attraction to female body features /

Existing research on attraction to body features has suggested that men show general preferences for women with lower waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), larger breasts, and slender body weights. The present study intended to expand on this research by investigating several individual difference factors and their potential contribution to variation in what men find attractive in female body features. Two hundred and seventy-three men were assessed for sex-role identity, 2D:4D digit ratios (a possible marker of prenatal exposure to androgens, and thus masculinization), physical attractiveness, early sexual experiences (as indices of early sexual conditioning), and early family attitudes toward body features, as well as their current preferences for WHR, breast size, weight, and height in women. For WHR, as predicted, physical attractiveness, early sexual experiences, and lower (more masculine) right-hand 2D:4D ratios significantly predicted current preferences for more feminine (lower) WHR. Early sexual experiences significantly predicted later preferences for breast size; in addition, more masculine occupational preferences and lower (more masculine) left-hand 2D:4D ratios predicted preferences for larger breasts. Participants' height, education level, Unmitigated Agency (masculinity) scores, and early sexual experiences significantly predicted current preferences for height. Finally, early sexual experiences significantly predicted current preferences for weight. The results suggest that variation in preferences for women's bodily features can be uniquely accounted for by a number of individual difference factors. Strengths and weaknesses of the study, along with implications for future research, are discussed.

Towards Empowerment: Narrative Study of Counselling Psychology Trainees and How They Make Sense of Their Personal and Professional Development in the Context of Their Past Experiences

The discipline of counselling psychology continues to grow and change in response to social, economic and political pressures. It has been argued that its quest for a coherent and distinct identity, which emphasises the possibility of the coexistence of multiple approaches, creates an inherently uncertain and dilemmatic training environment that may hinder the development of trainees’ professional identities. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the issue at hand, the aim was to explore how final year trainees and newly qualified counselling psychologists constructed and made sense of their emerging professional identities and what experiences, past and present, they drew upon in the context of their training to shape those identities. Applying narrative inquiry to analyse eight open-ended interviews, eight preliminary themes were originally identified in participants’ narratives, which with further refinements lead to stories of struggle and marginalisation, growth and discovery, and power and resilience. Participants’ stories of struggle and marginalisation emerged in reference to early family dynamics and stressful life experiences, which seemed to also foster a strong identification with the counselling psychology profession, while stories of growth and discovery focused on the importance of having supportive figures, who helped to instill a sense of security and create an atmosphere of openness. It was in this learning environment that participants felt it was possible to develop a more resilient, empowered professional self, which allowed them to shed an earlier sense of struggle and vulnerability. However, where more of an emphasis was placed on power and resilience, there seemed to be less room for participants to express other feelings that came into conflict with their preferred sense of professional self. While there seems to be a need for a ‘safer’ climate, in which trainees could voice and acknowledge anxieties, vulnerabilities and limitations, addressing concerns around power and vulnerability that may be contributing to the silencing of particular voices and identities may be equally important if trainees are to develop coherent and distinct counselling psychologist identities.

Associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille et le développement bio-psycho-social d'enfants d'âge scolaire

Contexte. Depuis quelques années, plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux effets protecteurs des repas en famille sur divers aspects du développement des enfants et des adolescents. Objectif. Identifier les associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille à 6 ans et le développement bio-psycho-social à 10 ans. Méthode. Les participants sont 1 085 filles et 1 138 garçons faisant partie de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ), qui a sélectionné un échantillon aléatoire et stratifié en utilisant le registre des naissances du Québec. Dans ce devis prospectif-longitudinal, les parents ont fourni une mesure sur l'environnement de leurs repas en famille à l'âge de 6 ans. Quatre années plus tard, les parents ont également fourni des mesures sur le niveau de condition physique de leur enfant ainsi que sa fréquence de consommation de boissons gazeuses; les enseignants ont mesuré la réussite en lecture et en mathématiques; les enfants ont auto-rapporté leurs niveaux d’agressivité physique globale, d’opposition, du trouble du comportement non agressif et d’agressivité réactive. Des analyses de régressions multiples ont été réalisées. Résultats. Un environnement plus sain lors des repas en famille à 6 ans a prédit les bénéfices suivants à 10 ans : une augmentation de la condition physique (β = 0,24; 95 % intervalle de confiance [IC], 0,12 à 0,36) ainsi qu'une diminution de la consommation de boissons gazeuses (β = -0,43; 95 % IC, -0,62 à -0,23), de l'agressivité physique globale (β = -0,38; 95 % IC, -0,58 à -0,18), de l'opposition (β = -0,72; 95 % IC, -1 à -0,4), du trouble du comportement non agressif (β = -0,33; 95 % IC, -0,50 à -0,17) et de l'agressivité réactive (β = -0,70; 95 % IC, -0,98 à -0,42). Contrairement à nos attentes, l'environnement des repas en famille n'était pas significativement relié au rendement scolaire. Conclusion. Les repas familiaux ont une forte influence à long terme sur le développement de l'enfant, par rapport à sa santé physique et à son ajustement social. Par conséquent, ils pourraient nourrir une campagne informative intéressante qui porterait sur la promotion de la santé mentale et physique des jeunes à travers ce rituel social.

Associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille et le développement bio-psycho-social d'enfants d'âge scolaire

Contexte. Depuis quelques années, plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux effets protecteurs des repas en famille sur divers aspects du développement des enfants et des adolescents. Objectif. Identifier les associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille à 6 ans et le développement bio-psycho-social à 10 ans. Méthode. Les participants sont 1 085 filles et 1 138 garçons faisant partie de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ), qui a sélectionné un échantillon aléatoire et stratifié en utilisant le registre des naissances du Québec. Dans ce devis prospectif-longitudinal, les parents ont fourni une mesure sur l'environnement de leurs repas en famille à l'âge de 6 ans. Quatre années plus tard, les parents ont également fourni des mesures sur le niveau de condition physique de leur enfant ainsi que sa fréquence de consommation de boissons gazeuses; les enseignants ont mesuré la réussite en lecture et en mathématiques; les enfants ont auto-rapporté leurs niveaux d’agressivité physique globale, d’opposition, du trouble du comportement non agressif et d’agressivité réactive. Des analyses de régressions multiples ont été réalisées. Résultats. Un environnement plus sain lors des repas en famille à 6 ans a prédit les bénéfices suivants à 10 ans : une augmentation de la condition physique (β = 0,24; 95 % intervalle de confiance [IC], 0,12 à 0,36) ainsi qu'une diminution de la consommation de boissons gazeuses (β = -0,43; 95 % IC, -0,62 à -0,23), de l'agressivité physique globale (β = -0,38; 95 % IC, -0,58 à -0,18), de l'opposition (β = -0,72; 95 % IC, -1 à -0,4), du trouble du comportement non agressif (β = -0,33; 95 % IC, -0,50 à -0,17) et de l'agressivité réactive (β = -0,70; 95 % IC, -0,98 à -0,42). Contrairement à nos attentes, l'environnement des repas en famille n'était pas significativement relié au rendement scolaire. Conclusion. Les repas familiaux ont une forte influence à long terme sur le développement de l'enfant, par rapport à sa santé physique et à son ajustement social. Par conséquent, ils pourraient nourrir une campagne informative intéressante qui porterait sur la promotion de la santé mentale et physique des jeunes à travers ce rituel social.

The murine chaperonin 10 gene family contains an intronless, putative gene for early pregnancy factor, Cpn10-rs1

Early pregnancy factor (EPF) is a secreted protein with growth regulatory and immunomodulatory properties. Human platelet-derived EPF shares amino acid sequence identity with chaperonin 10 (Cpn10), a mitochondrial matrix protein which functions as a molecular chaperone. The striking differences in cellular localization and function of the two proteins suggest differential regulation of production reflecting either alternative transcription of the same gene or transcription from different genes. In mammals and more distantly related genera, there is a large gene family with homology to CPN 10 cDNA, which includes intronless copies of the coding sequence. To determine whether this could represent the gene for EPF, we have screened a mouse genomic library and sequenced representative Cpn10 family members, looking for a functional gene distinct from that of Cpn 10, which could encode EPF. Eight distinct genes were identified. Cpn10 contains introns, while other members are intronless. Six of these appear to be pseudogenes, and the remaining member, Cpn10-rs1, would encode a full-length protein. The 309-bp open reading frame (ORF) is identical to that of mouse Cpn10 cDNA with the exception of three single-base changes, two resulting in amino acid changes. Only one further single nucleotide difference between the Cpn10-rs1 and Cpn10 cDNAs is observed, located in the 3' UTR. Single nucleotide primer extension was applied to discriminate between Cpn10-rs1 and Cpn10 expression. Cpn10, which is ubiquitous, was detected in all tissue samples tested, whereas Cpn10-rs1 was expressed selectively. The pattern was completely coincident with known patterns of EPF activity, strongly suggesting that Cpn10-rs1 does encode EPF. The complete ORF of Cpn10-rs1 was expressed in E. coli. The purified recombinant protein was found to be equipotent with native human platelet-derived EPF in the bioassay for EPF, the rosette inhibition test.