STRATEGIES TO SURPASS THE VULNERABILITY OF THE SMALL ISLAND STATES WITH FEW RESOURCES: THE CASE OF CAPE VERDE

The problem of small Island Developing States (SIDS) is quite recent, end of the 80s and 90s, still looking for a theoretical consolidation. SIDS, as small states in development, formed by one or several islands geographically dispersed, present reduced population, market, territory, natural resources, including drinkable water, and, in great number of the cases, low level of economic activity, factors that together, hinder the gathering of scale economies. To these diseconomies they come to join the more elevated costs in transports and communications which, allies to lower productivities, to a smaller quality and diversification of its productions, which difficult its integration in the world economy. In some SIDS these factors are not dissociating of the few investments in infrastructures, in the formation of human resources and in productive investments, just as it happens in most of the developing countries. In ecological terms, many of them with shortage of natural resources, but integrating important ecosystems in national and world terms, but with great fragility relatively to the pollution action, of excessive fishing, of uncontrolled development of tourism, factors that, conjugated and associated to the stove effect, condition the climate and the slope of the medium level of the sea water and therefore could put in cause the own survival of some of them. The drive to the awareness of the international community towards its problems summed up with the accomplishment by the United Nations in the Barbados’s Conference, 1994 where the right to the development was emphasized, through the going up the appropriate strategies and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of the SIDS. The orientation of the regional and international cooperation in that sense, sharing technology (namely clean technology and control and administration environmental technology), information and creation of capacity-building, supplying means, including financial resources, creating non discriminatory and just trade rules, it would drive to the establishment of a world system economically more equal, in which the production, the consumption, the pollution levels, the demographic politics were guided towards the sustainability. It constituted an important step for the recognition for the international community on the specificities of those states and it allowed the definition of a group of norms and politics to implement at the national, regional and international level and it was important that they continued in the sense of the sustainable development. But this Conference had in its origin previous summits: the Summit of Rio de Janeiro about Environment and Development, accomplished in 1992, which left an important document - the Agenda 21, in the Conference of Stockholm at 1972 and even in the Conference of Ramsar, 1971 about “Wetlands.” CENTRO DE ESTUDOS AFRICANOS Occasional Papers © CEA - Centro de Estudos Africanos 4 Later, the Valletta Declaration, Malta, 1998, the Forum of Small States, 2002, get the international community's attention for the problems of SIDS again, in the sense that they act to increase its resilience. If the definition of “vulnerability” was the inability of the countries to resist economical, ecological and socially to the external shocks and “resilience” as the potential for them to absorb and minimize the impact of those shocks, presenting a structure that allows them to be little affected by them, a part of the available studies, dated of the 90s, indicate that the SIDS are more vulnerable than the other developing countries. The vulnerability of SIDS results from the fact the they present an assemblage of characteristics that turns them less capable of resisting or they advance strategies that allow a larger resilience to the external shocks, either anthropogenic (economical, financial, environmental) or even natural, connected with the vicissitudes of the nature. If these vulnerability factors were grouped with the expansion of the economic capitalist system at world level, the economic and financial globalisation, the incessant search of growing profits on the part of the multinational enterprises, the technological accelerated evolution drives to a situation of disfavour of the more poor. The creation of the resilience to the external shocks, to the process of globalisation, demands from SIDS and of many other developing countries the endogen definition of strategies and solid but flexible programs of integrated development. These must be assumed by the instituted power, but also by the other stakeholders, including companies and organizations of the civil society and for the population in general. But that demands strong investment in the formation of human resources, in infrastructures, in investigation centres; it demands the creation capacity not only to produce, but also to produce differently and do international marketing. It demands institutional capacity. Cape Verde is on its way to this stage.

Aplicação de SPME (Solid Phase Micro-Extraction) na análise de águas potáveis de três localidades do estado de São Paulo

The technique of solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used for the extraction of halogenated contaminants of water samples from three cities of the State of São Paulo and the extracts were submitted to gas chromatographic analysis with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). In the samples of water collected at the city of São Paulo the detected level of trihalomethanes (THM) expressed as the sum of chloroform, dibromochloromethane and dichlorobromomethane, were higher than the permissible limit established by the Brazilian regulation. In the samples collected at the two other cities the level of any of the three THM remained below the sensitivity of the ECD.

Elementos para la formulación de planes de mejoramiento de la calidad de agua para consumo humano

Los planes de mejoramiento son el instrumento para encauzar la gestión de la calidad del agua. Esta propuesta aborda enfoques estratégicos y frentes de acción para el suministro de agua potable. Se incluye una guía metodológica y un esquema de evaluación integral, para formular planes viables y verificables.

Effects of Cadmium on the Rat Salivary Glands, During Lactation

Cadmium (Cd) in air, drinking water and food has the potential to affect the health of people, mainly those who live in highly industrialized regions. Cd affects placental function, can cross the placental barrier and directly modify fetal development. Once the organism is particularly susceptible to the exposition to the Cd during the perinatal period, and that this metal can be excreted in the milk, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of the constant exposition to drinkable water containing low levels of Cd during the lactation, on the salivary glands of the rat. Female rats received ad libitum drinking water containing 300mg/l of CdCl2 throughout the whole lactation. Control animals received a similar volume of water without Cd. Lactant rats (21 day old) were killed by lethal dose of anesthetic. The salivary glands were separated, fixed in ""alfac"" solution for 24 h, and serially sectioned. The 6 mu m thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Nuclear glandular parameters were estimated, as well as cytoplasm and cell volume, nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, number and surface density, diameters and cell thickness. Mean body weight was 34.86 g for the control group and 18.56 g for the Cd-treated group. Histologically, the glandular acini were significantly smaller, the gland ducts were similar in both groups studied. The connective tissue was more abundant. In conclusion, the salivary glands (submandibular, parotid and sublingual) showed retarded growth after Cd intoxication.

Análise da presença de agentes mutagênicos nas águas do Rio Pitimbú/RN

The Pitimbu River is located at the oriental portion of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, including three importants cities named Macaíba, Parnamirim e Natal. Although its high importance as a water source, which supplys great part of the South Zone of the Natal city, this river receives a large quantity of domestic and industrial waste water without treatment. The Pitimbu River headhas its river-head located in the city of Macaiba, goes through Parnamirim, then it flowing into at the Jiqui Lake in Natal. The aim of this study was to evaluate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the environmental quality of the Pitimbu River by genotoxicity bio-assays, which are important tools for genetics toxicological evaluation. In this work, five samples sites, distributed along the river, were used to collect water samples. Another point site, located near Jiqui lake, was used to collect drinkable water, which was treated by CAERN, the water treatment entreprise of Rio Grande do Norte. The following assays where used to evaluate the quality of these samples: Allium cepa assay; Comet assay; Micronuclei (MN) assay; and Ames test. For the Allium cepa assay, sixteen specimes where used for each water sample from the sample sites. In this assay both microscopic, like cytogenetic damage, and macroscopic aspects, as morphological variation were evaluated. Red blood cells from periferical blood of the Crenicichla menezesi native specie were used not only for the MN assay, but also for the Comet assay. These fishes were collected at different points on the Pitimbu River and the negative control was developed using fishes of the same species that were bring to the laboratory and maintained for 100 days in the optimal experimental conditions. For the Ames test, TA100, YG1042, TA98 and YG1041 strains were used in the directed method without metabolic activation. The results found by the Allium cepa assay showed that two water sample sites induced increase of mitotic index (IM). Additionally, compared to the control, all the water samples increased the chromossomal aberrations frequency and/or micronucleus. Among the sample sites, two also showed an abnormal growth rate in its root and two samples induced morphological alteration. With the MN test in red blood cells, a high frequence of MN was observed in tree sample. By comparing all the results obtained on the water sample points and with the negative control, a significant variation on the MN frequency was observed. Positive results were also observed for the same sample to water test by the Comet assay. These results allow concluding that the proposed specie Crenicichla menezesi has a good profile as a bio-indicator for the evaluation of environmental water quality and the MN and comet test can be usuful for in situ evaluation. By the Ames test, it was possible to detect the mutagenic activity on the waters from the Pitimbu River in different levels of mutagenicity. This result suggests that this river has several substances that induced changes directly to the DNA. The mechanisms involved to this phenomenon could be by both processes, by changing of the reading frame and by nucleotide substitution. These data set indicate the presence of mutagenic agents, which can represent in risk to biot and human beens

Developed and studies on technical and economical viability of an environmental efficient urinal

This work introduces an innovative urinal for public convenience, that promotes at the same time water reuse and personal higiene, in a safe and economical way . Furthermore it demonstrates the latest technology and its technical and economical viabillity of utilization in new and already existing buildings facilities. This new model of personal higiene equipment offers as main benefits the improved economy with subsequent decrease in drinkable water consumption, sanitary safety, low cost and easy installation due to its simplicity and to the fact that it can be installed in already existing facilities. The proposal is constituted by a higienic, ecological and smart system for flushing of public urinals. It is a conjugated system of lavatory and urinal that reuses hands higienization water from the lavatory for flushing purpose. The proposed urinal can be operated manually or automatically by means of a presential sensor. The system promotes drinkable water economy by a rational utilization by avoiding the use of waste water from hand washing in place of clean water for flushing. The proposed equipment increases the economy of clean water in a simple and economical way and it can be installed in any type of public lavatory facilitie such as schools, public buildings, hospitals, commercial buildings, bus terminals, airports, stadiums, parking buildings and shopping centers. Additional benefits of the proposed system is the suggestion of hands washing before and after the use of the urinal without contamination risks from focet handling.and render more attractive the installation for a rational use of clean water in commercial and industrial buildings. Pay-back has shown to be very attractive for a number of internal return rates and also very attractive from the point of view of environmental protection.

Uso de água residuária com diferentes sistemas de irrigação no desenvolvimento e na qualidade microbiológica do meloeiro

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Diagnóstico da influência de atividades antrópicas na qualidade da água do córrego Gavanhery no município de Getulina - SP

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Presença de Salmonella spp. na cadeia produtiva da carne bovina: estudo das fonte de contaminação para novilhos criados sob confinamento experimental

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desenvolvimento de método para inferência de características físicas da água associadas às variações espectrais. Caso de Estudo: Reservatório de Itupararanga/SP

Pós-graduação em Ciências Cartográficas - FCT

Aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura tratada em sistema de alagados construídos, via irrigação por gotejamento nas culturas de milho e de sorgo

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

O desafio das águas numa metrópole amazônida: uma reflexão das políticas de proteção dos mananciais da região metropolitana de Belém-PA (1984 – 2004)

Falar sobre as interrupções constantes no abastecimento de água à população dos municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana de Belém, no Estado do Pará, que é, sem dúvida, agraciado por uma rica rede de grandes bacias hidrográficas (Bacia Amazônica, Bacia do Tocantins-Araguaia e Costeira do Nordeste Ocidental), parece ser uma grande contradição. Se o problema não está na baixa disponibilidade hídrica como ocorre em algumas regiões metropolitanas do país (São Paulo, Recife e Rio de Janeiro), por que as demandas urbanas da população residente na área de expansão da metrópole não estão sendo atendidas satisfatoriamente? Que fatores estariam comprometendo a qualidade do sistema de abastecimento de água da RMB? E como o Governo do Estado do Pará e a Prefeitura Municipal de Belém implementaram políticas voltadas para a proteção dos mananciais do Utinga, principal responsável pelo abastecimento dessa população? Essas questões, ora levantadas, refletem o ponto central desta tese que é entendermos como numa metrópole amazonida, localizada numa região rica em disponibilidade hídrica superficial e subterrânea, o sistema público de abastecimento de água potável dos mananciais do Utinga tem desafiado a cidade para sobreviver. Para tanto, foi preciso avaliar a importância de seus recursos hídricos, o grau de desenvolvimento na adoção de sua legislação ambiental e hídrica, como também na necessidade de se traçarem metas e práticas de planejamento e manejo nas bacias hidrográficas, entre elas as que são utilizadas como mananciais voltados ao abastecimento de água potável da Região Metropolitana de Belém. A questão que envolve a gestão dos recursos hídricos nas bacias hidrográficas paraenses, em particular as que são destinadas ao abastecimento da população das cidades da RMB, requer o desenvolvimento de um estudo com base na ecologia política capaz de fornecer um referencial teórico-metodológico referente ao uso das bacias hidrográficas como unidades de gestão integrada entre estado e prefeituras, bem como através da participação dos moradores e demais usuários locais da água. Portanto, o nosso objetivo fundamenta-se na necessidade de identificarmos e avaliarmos os vinte anos de políticas implementadas pelo Governo do Estado do Pará e pela Prefeitura Municipal de Belém, para proteção e gestão dos mananciais do Utinga (bacias hidrográficas dos Igarapés Murutucum e Água Preta) responsável pelo abastecimento de 70% da população da Região Metropolitana de Belém – RMB.

Análise de indicadores metodológicos de sustentabilidade socioambiental

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Geofísica aplicada ao mapeamento de aquíferos da Região Metropolitana de Belém

Hoje, cerca de 46% da água potável consumida na região de Belém provém dos mananciais subterrâneos, o que mostra a grande importância desta fonte, mesmo em uma região rica em água superficial (rios, igarapés, furos e até mesmo uma baía). Isso decorre da falta de execução do planejamento previsto, além de que os custos de obras de captação de águas superficiais são muito elevados. A alternativa para Belém tem sido a água subterrânea, como um bom, saudável e econômico paliativo. A existência de uma enorme quantidade desses recursos nos sedimentos Barreiras e na Formação Pirabas contribui para esta alternativa. Os sedimentos Barreiras foram depositados em ambiente fluvial e estuarino, enquanto que a Formação Pirabas possui fácies de origem estearina, de mangue e marinha. No contexto apresentado, mostra-se então a necessidade de investigar tais recursos com o intuito de fazer ótimo proveito destes. Para tanto, foram usadas duas metodologias geofísicas de forma integrada: a Sondagem Elétrica Vertical (SEV) e a Perfilagem Geofísica de Poço, usando raios gama, potencial espontâneo e resistência elétrica. Pode-se discernir dois ambientes aquíferos. O primeiro até cerca de 160 m de profundidade, em que prevalecem corpos arenosos em formas de canal e lentes entrecortados ou não, imersos em uma matriz argilosa. O segundo é caracterizado por pacotes arenosos bastante extensos com lentes de argila, cuja profundidade é desde 160 m até 285 m, aproximadamente. O consumo de água da porção superior é adequado às residências e condomínios, visto o custo elevado de obras de captação a grandes profundidades. Já o abastecimento público deve utilizar a porção inferior, devido às vazões bastante elevadas (maiores que 100 m³/h) e devido à garantia de água de boa qualidade, protegida de ações antrópicas, como vem sendo feito.

Uso e gestão de águas subterrânea em Araguaína/TO

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)