Novos derivados porfirínicos: síntese e potenciais aplicações em PDT

O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação descreve estudos desenvolvidos segundo três metodologias para a funcionalização de meso-tetra-arilporfirinas; uma delas baseada na funcionalização com diazo compostos, outra na reacção de Suzuki-Miyaura e a terceira na reacção de metátese. O presente documento é composto por quatro partes distintas. Na primeira parte são feitas considerações gerais sobre propriedades e aplicações de macrociclos porfirínicos. Na segunda parte é apresentado o trabalho realizado na funcionalização de porfirinas com diazo compostos através de reacções de inserção com um catalisador de ródio(II). Este estudo envolveu a preparação de duas porfirinas com grupos O-H e N-H nas posições para dum substituinte meso-fenilo. Os estudos iniciaram-se com a reacção de 5-(4-hidroxifenil)-10,15,20-trifenilporfirinatozinco(II) com diazoacetato de etilo na presença de Rh2(OAc)4. Obteve-se o produto esperado de inserção com bons rendimentos. A reacção de 5-(4-aminofenil)- 10,15,20-trifenilporfirinatozinco(II) com esse diazo composto na presença de Rh2(OAc)4 mostrou um perfil diferente do da reacção com o outro porfirinato. Foram obtidos três produtos, a saber: produto de bis-inserção e dois outros contendo o grupo funcional amida. Este capítulo descreve ainda a síntese de glicoporfirinas e de glicoclorinas através de reacções de inserção e de ciclopropanação envolvendo, respectivamente, os complexos 5-(4-hidroxifenil)- 10,15,20-trifenilporfirinatozinco(II) e 5,10,15,20- tetraquis(pentafluorofenil)porfirinatozinco(II) com α-diazoacetatos com substituintes sacarídicos. Foram usados, como catalisadores, Rh2(OAc)4 e CuCl, respectivamente, na reacção de inserção e na de ciclopropanação. Tendo em vista a sua aplicação em PDT, os novos produtos foram descomplexados e a unidade glicosídica foi desprotegida. Estudos de geração de oxigénio singuleto mostraram que os compostos obtidos são bons geradores dessa espécie citotóxica. Foram também realizados estudos de avaliação da actividade fotodinâmica em células humanas tumorais HeLa e em células humanas saudáveis HaCaT. Estudos de viabilidade celular, após tratamento fotodinâmico, mostraram que as glicoclorinas são mais eficazes na fotoinactivação das células tumorais. Apenas o derivado da clorina com a unidade de galactose mostrou selectividade para a linha celular tumoral, inibindo o crescimento desta e não causando efeito significativo na linha celular saudável. Este fotossensibilizador não foi tóxico na ausência de luz e depois do tratamento fotodinâmico e em condições sub-letais, provocou vacuolização citoplasmática e retracção pronunciada nas células tumorais, enquanto que nas células saudáveis os danos sofridos foram escassos. Nos estudos de localização celular este fotossensibilizador localizou-se na membrana citoplasmática e nos lisossomas tanto nas células HeLa como nas HaCaT. Na terceira parte deste trabalho são descritos os resultados obtidos nos estudos de funcionalização de porfirinas através da reacção de Suzuki-Miyaura. O complexo 2-(4,4,5,5,-tetrametil-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-il)-5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirinatozinco(II) foi o composto escolhido como reagente de partida. Usando a reacção de Suzuki foi possível sintetizar complexos β-bromoarilporfirínicos em bons rendimentos. Estes complexos foram sujeitos à reacção de Suzuki com pinacolborano, tendo sido possível obter os produtos de acoplamento esperados e ainda derivados diméricos de complexos porfirínicos ligados por unidades fenileno. Esta metodologia reacional, catalisada por paládio, permitiu ainda sintetizar novos derivados quinolona-porfirina através da reacção do complexo porfirínico β-borilado anteriormente referido com bromo-quinolonas Nsubstiuídas com grupos alquílicos e glicosídicos. Deste modo foram obtidos derivados quinolona-porfirina em bons rendimentos. Com vista a realizar estudos de potencial aplicação em PACT, foram hidrolisados os grupos éster da unidade de quinolona e clivados os grupos protectores das unidades glicosídicas desses derivados. No estudo por MS Tandem (MS/MS) foi possível verificar que os isómeros dos derivados quinolona-porfirina sofrem as mesmas vias de fragmentação, confirmando as suas estruturas análogas. Foi possível ainda distinguir os derivados em que a unidade de porfirina está ligada à quinolona através da posição C-6 da quinolona daqueles em que a unidade de porfirina está ligada à quinolona através da sua posição C-7. Os estudos de geração de oxigénio singuleto mostraram que as porfirinas β- substituídas com unidades de quinolona são melhores geradoras desta espécie citotóxica do que a tetrafenilporfirina e que a eficiência que têm em gerar essa espécie é afectada pela posição da ligação entre a porfirina e a quinolona, assim como com o tipo do N-substituinte da quinolona. As bases livres dos conjugados quinolona-porfirinatos foram testadas como fotossensibilizadores em PACT em células do parasita Leishmania Braziliensis, tendo-se observado que estes compostos têm capacidade para fotoinactivar este parasita. Na quarta parte deste trabalho são descritos os resultados dos estudos de funcionalização de porfirinas através da reacção de metátese com catalisador de Grubbs, visando a obtenção de novos macrociclos com grupos triazolilo. Verificouse que a eficiência da reacção de metátese cruzada entre 2-vinil-5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirinatozinco(II) e 4-vinil-1,2,3-triazóis N-substituídos dependia das condições reaccionais e do triazol usado em cada caso. Foi possível ainda concluir que o impedimento estéreo das espécies envolvidas é um dos responsáveis pelo ciclo catalítico prosseguir por uma via secundária, originando uma espécie de ruténio pouco eficiente como catalisador. Este estudo foi estendido à reacção dos 4-vinil-1,2,3-triazois seleccionados com 2-butadienil-5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirinatoniquel(II); em cada caso foi possível obter uma mistura de isómeros dos derivados triazol-porfirina, geralmente em maiores rendimentos globais do que na reacção com 2-vinil-5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirinatozinco(II). Este facto será indicativo de que a reacção de metátase com esse derivado porfirínico segue, predominantemente, a via mais eficiente.

Synthèse stéréosélective de dérivés cyclopropaniques di-accepteurs par catalyse avec des complexes de rhodium(II)

Les dérivés cyclopropaniques di-accepteurs représentent des intermédiaires synthétiques précieux dans l’élaboration de structures moléculaires complexes, ayant des applications dans plusieurs domaines de la chimie. Au cours de cet ouvrage, nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse de ces unités sous forme énantioenrichie en utilisant la cyclopropanation d’alcènes par catalyse avec des complexes de Rh(II) utilisant des composés diazoïques di-accepteurs comme substrats. Suite au développement initial d’une méthode de cyclopropanation d’alcènes catalytique asymétrique utilisant des nitro diazocétones, de multiples études expérimentales quant au mécanisme de stéréoinduction dans ce type de réaction ont été effectuées. Nous avons alors pu identifier le groupement p-méthoxyphénylcétone du substrat et le catalyseur Rh2(S-TCPTTL)4 comme étant une combinaison clé pour l’atteinte de diastéréosélectivités et d’excès énantiomères élevés. Ceci a mené au développement de deux autres méthodes de cyclopropanation stéréosélectives distinctes, utilisant soit une cyano diazocétone ou un céto diazoester. Nous avons démontré l’utilité des dérivés cyclopropaniques énantioenrichis obtenus par ces trois méthodes dans une panoplie de manipulations synthétiques, dont l’addition nucléophile d’amines et de cuprates, la cycloaddition formelle avec un aldéhyde, et la synthèse de dérivés cyclopropaniques importants en chimie médicinale. Une étude structurelle approfondie des complexes de Rh(II) chiraux nous a permis de déterminer les facteurs responsables de leur pouvoir d’énantioinduction dans notre système réactionnel, ce qui a d’énormes implications dans d’autres méthodologies utilisant ces mêmes catalyseurs. Le dévoilement d’une conformation inattendue dite ‘All-up’, ainsi que de la présence d’interactions stabilisantes régissant la rigidité de cet arrangement se sont avérés cruciaux dans notre compréhension du mécanisme. Dans le cadre de cette investigation, nous avons développé une méthode générale pour la synthèse de complexes de Rh(II) hétéroleptiques, multipliant ainsi le nombre de catalyseurs accessibles dans l’élaboration éventuelle de nouvelles réactions stéréosélectives, et nous permettant d’effectuer une étude structurelle plus détaillée. De plus, nous avons développé une méthode particulièrement efficace pour la synthèse d’un autre type de dérivé cyclopropanique di-accepteur par catalyse avec des complexes de Rh(II), les cyano-cyclopropylphosphonates. Les produits de cette transformation sont obtenus avec des énantiosélectivités élevées, et sont des substrats intéressants pour des réactions tandem d’ouverture de cycle par addition nucléophile / oléfination de composés carbonylés. De plus, ces composés sont des précurseurs de molécules utiles en chimie médicinale tels que les acides aminocyclopropylphosphoniques.

Proton-transfer versus nontransfer in compounds of the diazo-dye precursor 4-(phenyldiazenyl) aniline (aniline yellow) with strong organic acids: the 5-sulfosalicylate and the dichroic benzenesulfonate salts, and the 1:2 adduct with 3,5-dinitrobenzoic

The structures of two 1:1 proton-transfer red-black dye compounds formed by reaction of aniline yellow [4-(phenyldiazenyl)aniline] with 5-sulfosalicylic acid and benzenesulfonic acid, and a 1:2 nontransfer adduct compound with 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid have been determined at either 130 or 200 K. The compounds are 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-phenylhydrazin-1-ium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate methanol solvate, C12H12N3+.C7H5O6S-.CH3OH (I), 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-hydrazin-1-ium 4-(phenydiazinyl)anilinium bis(benzenesulfonate), 2C12H12N3+.2C6H5O3S-, (II) and 4-(phenyldiazenyl)aniline-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (1/2) C12H11N3.2C~7~H~4~N~2~O~6~, (III). In compound (I) the diaxenyl rather than the aniline group of aniline yellow is protonated and this group subsequently akes part in a primary hydrogen-bonding interaction with a sulfonate O-atom acceptor, producing overall a three-dimensional framework structure. A feature of the hydrogen bonding in (I) is a peripheral edge-on cation-anion association involving aromatic C--H...O hydrogen bonds, giving a conjoint R1/2(6)R1/2(7)R2/1(4)motif. In the dichroic crystals of (II), one of the two aniline yellow species in the asymmetric unit is diazenyl-group protonated while in the other the aniline group is protonated. Both of these groups form hydrogen bonds with sulfonate O-atom acceptors and thee, together with other associations give a one-dimensional chain structure. In compound (III), rather than proton-transfer, there is a preferential formation of a classic R2/2(8) cyclic head-to-head hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid homodimer between the two 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid molecules, which in association with the aniline yellow molecule that is disordered across a crystallographic inversion centre, result in an overall two-dimensional ribbon structure. This work has shown the correlation between structure and observed colour in crystalline aniline yellow compounds, illustrated graphically in the dichroic benzenesulfonate compound.

Phenyl-ring disorder in the two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structure of the 1:1 proton-transfer salt of the diazo-dye precursor 4-(phenyldiazenyl)aniline (aniline yellow) with L-tartaric acid

The structure of the 1:1 proton-transfer compound from the reaction of L-tartaric acid with the azo-dye precursor aniline yellow [4-(phenylazo)aniline], 4-(phenyldiazenyl)anilinium hydrogen 2R,3R-tartrate C12H12N3+ . C4H6O6- has been determined at 200 K. The asymmetric unit of the compound contains two independent phenylazoanilinium cations and two hydrogen L-tartrate anions. The structure is unusual in that all four phenyl rings of both cations have identical 50% rotational disorder. The two hydrogen L-tartrate anions form independent but similar chains through head-to-tail carboxylic O--H...O~carboxyl~ hydrogen bonds [graph set C7] which are then extended into a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded sheet structure through hydroxyl O--H...O hydrogen-bonding links. The anilinium groups of the phenyldiazenyl cations are incorporated into the sheets and also provide internal hydrogen-bonding extensions while their aromatic tails layer in the structure without significant interaction except for weak \p--\p interactions [minimum ring centroid separation, 3.844(3) \%A]. The hydrogen L-tartrate residues of both anions have the common short intramolecular hydroxyl O--H...O~carboxyl~ hydogen bonds. This work has provided a solution to the unusual disorder problem inherent in the structure of this salt as well as giving another example of the utility of the hydrogen tartrate in the generation of sheet substructures in molecular assembly processes.

Unusual hydrate stabilization in the two-dimensional layered structure of quinacrinium bis(2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate) tetrahydrate, a proton-transfer compound of the drug quinacrine

The crystal structure of the hydrated proton-transfer compound of the drug quinacrine [rac-N'-(6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)-N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine] with 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid, C23H32ClN3O2+ . 2(C8H3Cl2O4-).4H2O (I), has been determined at 200 K. The four labile water molecules of solvation form discrete ...O--H...O--H... hydrogen-bonded chains parallel to the quinacrine side chain, the two N--H groups of which act as hydrogen-bond donors for two of the water acceptor molecules. The other water molecules, as well as the acridinium H atom, also form hydrogen bonds with the two anion species and extend the structure into two-dimensional sheets. Between these sheets there are also weak cation--anion and anion--anion pi-pi aromatic ring interactions. This structure represents only the third example of a simple quinacrine derivative for which structural data are available but differs from the other two in that it is unstable in the X-ray beam due to efflorescence, probably associated with the destruction of the unusual four-membered water chain structures.

Crystallographic characterization of the first reported crystalline form of the potent hallucinogen (R)-2-amino-1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b;5,4-b']difuran-4-yl)propane or `bromodragonfly': the 1:1 anhydrous proton-transfer compound with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid

The 1:1 proton-transfer compound of the potent substituted amphetamine hallucinogen (R)-1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b; 4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-aminopropane (common trivial name 'bromodragonfly') with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-mmoniopropane 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenolate, C13H13BrNO2+ C7H3N2O7- forms hydrogen-bonded cation-anion chain substructures comprising undulating head-to-tail anion chains formed through C(8) carboxyl O-H...O(nitro) associations and incorporating the aminium groups of the cations. The intra-chain cation-anion hydrogen-bonding associations feature proximal cyclic R33(8) interactions involving both a N+-H...O(phenolate) and the carboxyl O--H...O(nitro)associations. Also present are aromatic pi-pi ring interactions [minimum ring centroid separation, 3.566(2)A; inter-plane dihedral angle, 5.13(1)deg]. A lateral hydrogen-bonding interaction between the third aminium proton and a carboxyl O acceptor link the chain substructures giving a two-dimensional sheet structure. This determination represents the first of any form of this compound and confirms that it has the (R) absolute configuration. The atypical crystal stability is attributed both to the hydrogen-bonded chain substructures provided by the anions, which accommodate the aminium proton-donor groups of the cations and give cross-linking, and to the presence of cation--anion aromatic ring pi-pi interactions.

Hydrate stabilization in the three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structure of the brucinium compound, bis(2,3-dimethoxy-10-oxostrychnidinium) biphenyl-4,4'-disulfonate hexahydrate

The crystal structure of the 2:1 proton-transfer compound of brucine with biphenyl-4,4’-disulfonate, bis(2,3-dimethoxy-10-oxostrychnidinium) biphenyl-4,4'-disulfonate hexahydrate (1) has been determined at 173 K. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21 with Z = 2 in a cell with a = 8.0314(2), b = 29.3062(9), c = 12.2625(3) Å, β = 101.331(2)o. The crystallographic asymmetric unit comprises two brucinium cations, a biphenyl-4,4'-disulfonate dianion and six water molecules of solvation. The brucinium cations form a variant of the common undulating and overlapping head-to-tail sheet sub-structure. The sulfonate dianions are also linked head-to-tail by hydrogen bonds into parallel zig-zag chains through clusters of six water molecules of which five are inter-associated, featuring conjoint cyclic eight-membered hydrogen-bonded rings [graph sets R33(8) and R34(8)], comprising four of the water molecules and closed by sulfonate O-acceptors. These chain structures occupy the cavities between the brucinium cation sheets and are linked to them peripherally through both brucine N+-H...Osulfonate and Ocarbonyl…H-Owater to sulfonate O bridging hydrogen bonds, forming an overall three-dimensional framework structure. This structure determination confirms the importance of water in the stabilization of certain brucine compounds which have inherent crystal instability.

Development of a hemispherical compound Eye for egomotion estimation

Biological inspiration has produced some successful solutions for estimation of self motion from visual information. In this paper we present the construction of a unique new camera, inspired by the compound eye of insects. The hemispherical nature of the compound eye has some intrinsically valuable properties in producing optical flow fields that are suitable for egomotion estimation in six degrees of freedom. The camera that we present has the added advantage of being lightweight and low cost, making it suitable for a range of mobile robot applications. We present some initial results that show the effectiveness of our egomotion estimation algorithm and the image capture capability of the hemispherical camera.

Thermal analysis and infrared emission spectroscopic study of halloysite-potassium acetate intercalation compound

The thermal decomposition of halloysite-potassium acetate intercalation compound was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and infrared emission spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that intercalation of potassium acetate into halloysite caused an increase of the basal spacing from 1.00 to 1.41 nm. The thermogravimetry results show that the mass losses of intercalation the compound occur in main three main steps, which correspond to (a) the loss of adsorbed water (b) the loss of coordination water and (c) the loss of potassium acetate and dehydroxylation. The temperature of dehydroxylation and dehydration of halloysite is decreased about 100 °C. The infrared emission spectra clearly show the decomposition and dehydroxylation of the halloysite intercalation compound when the temperature is raised. The dehydration of the intercalation compound is followed by the loss of intensity of the stretching vibration bands at region 3600-3200 cm-1. Dehydroxylation is followed by the decrease in intensity in the bands between 3695 and 3620 cm-1. Dehydration was completed by 300 °C and partial dehydroxylation by 350 °C. The inner hydroxyl group remained until around 500 °C.

Pseudo-merohedral twinning in the structure of the hydrated 1:1 proton-transfer compound of 5-sulfosalicylic acid with 4-aminopyridine

The structure of the pseudo-merohedrally twinned crystal of the 1:1 proton-transfer compound of 5-sulfosalicylic acid (3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid) with 4-aminopyridine: 4-aminopyridinium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate sesquihydrate has been determined at 180 K and the hydrogen-bonding pattern is described. Crystals of the compound are monoclinic with space group P21/c, with unit cell dimensions a = 35.2589(8), b = 7.1948(1), c = 24.5851(5) Å, β = 110.373(2)o, and Z = 16. The monoclinic asymmetric unit comprises four cation-anion pairs and six water molecules of solvation with only the pyridinium cations having pseudo-symmetry as a result of inter-cation aromatic ring π-π stacking effects. Extensive hydrogen bonding gives a three-dimensional framework structure.