Herramientas para la evaluaci??n de la calidad

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: La calidad en la acci??n socioeducativa. Resumen en ingl??s

Algunas técnicas para la participación.

Dossier

Análisis de la situación de logística y distribución del segmento móvil en la Corporación Nacional de Telecomunicaciones Empresa Pública CNT EP

Ofrece conceptos básicos para encuadrar el tema de estudio. Se realiza un análisis situacional de la CNT EP, desde su nacimiento, macro y micro ambiente y planificación estratégica que contempla el Plan de Negocios 2013 y la descripción de las operaciones. Estudia los procesos de logística móvil. Presentación de la estructura orgánica y funcional de la Gerencia Nacional Financiera, la Jefatura de Logística y Bodegas y Logística Móvil, se incursiona en temas como la cultura de área, los sistemas de formalización, transaccionales que utiliza y todo el proceso integral de área. Se realiza un análisis de tiempos en el proceso de envío de muestras comerciales para liberación del lote comercial. Se analiza un caso y se aplica una encuesta con el fin de extrapolar la información, esto permite evidenciar el problema de demora en la distribución y recojo de dispositivos móviles. Realiza una entrevista con expertos y se ejecuta un diagrama de Pareto, para luego aplicar la técnica de los 5 porqués y determinar el plan de acción a ejecutarse.

Análise da qualidade da informação no setor de saneamento básico: em busca da inteligência estratégica

Estudo da dimensão informacional do setor de saneamento básico, com o objetivo de analisar a qualidade da informação disponível em fontes de informação utilizadas no planejamento do setor. Para isso, foram analisadas as bases governamentais de informação, o Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento 2009 (SNIS), a Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico 2008 (PNSB), a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2009 (PNAD) e o Censo Demográfico 2010, no âmbito nacional, e o Serviço de Informação do Estado do Pará 2009 (SIE). A análise foi realizada por meio do Diagrama de Pareto, do Diagrama de causa e efeito de Ishikawa e dos atributos de informação de atualidade, abrangência, confiabilidade, precisão e pertinência, sendo, ainda, investigada a opinião de especialistas do setor. Nos 15 problemas evidenciados na redução da qualidade da informação em saneamento básico, cinco deles são considerados vitais e influenciam os demais problemas, sendo eles: a) falta de interação com outras áreas; b) periodicidade inadequada de disseminação das informações; c) falta de detalhamento da informação; d) forma de coleta inadequada; e) organização da informação inadequada. A partir da constatação das fragilidades na dimensão informacional em saneamento básico, foi analisada a informação utilizada em dois instrumentos de planejamento do setor, o Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (PLANSAB) e o Plano Plurianual 2008/2011, do estado do Pará (PPA 2008/2011). A conclusão desta tese é que, no momento, as informações disponibilizadas para o planejamento do setor são desatualizadas, incompletas, imprecisas, não pertinentes e não confiáveis. Com isso, foram recomendadas ações de inteligência estratégica para melhorar a qualidade da informação do setor, definindo-se o quê e onde coletar, como sistematizar, analisar, disseminar, avaliar e monitorar as informações, visando contribuir para o planejamento, definição de investimentos, prestação dos serviços, regulação, fiscalização e controle social, de acordo com as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saneamento Básico, Lei 11.445/2007, que tem como um dos princípios fundamentais a universalização do acesso da população aos serviços de saneamento básico.

Estudo de caso: aplicação do método DMAIC-White Belt- na redução de latas amassadas em uma produção de leite em pó

This work consists of the implementation of the steps Define, Measure , Analyze , Improve and Control ( DMAIC ) to develop a Six Sigma project in an industry the food industry. The objective was to demonstrate a potential for reducing the occurrence of crushed cans in potting milk powder industry in a White Belt project. The food industry accounts for about 9 % of Brazil's gross domestic product ( GDP ), generating thousands of jobs . Among the major sectors of the food industry is the manufacturing sector of milk , occupies approximately 10 % of the total turnover of the food industry . Brazil is considered today one of the eight largest producers of milk powder in the world. The milk powder is packed , mostly for aluminum cans that are lined internally with varnishes and other materials to protect the milk of metals from aluminum. When the cans are dented food protection is compromised and may lead ingestion causing dis-eases such as botulism. Aiming to solve the problem of dented cans methodology was used as a case study with a quantitative approach through the DMAIC method. Some quality tools used in each step of the project as brainstorming , cause and effect diagram , flowchart , ef-fort and impact matrix, 5W1H , among other Pareto diagram is presented . A survey about the disposal of cans in the company verifying a mean loss and, from this histor-ical , a goal loss was calculated was performed . With the target set we calculated the annual saving design . During application of DMAIC was found that the highest rate of loss occurred in transportation between the factory and the factory that fills cans milk . Several actions were taken to resolve problems that resulted in dented cans and the first two months of phase control it was found that the smaller losses calculated target resulting in a saving for the company. The short time of implementa-tion of the Improve phase did not allow a more detailed a ...

Elaboración de vinos : defectos en el proceso que originan costos de no calidad

Los costos de calidad se asocian a su planificación, control, evaluación de la conformidad y a los costos ocasionados por no cumplir con los requisitos de satisfacción de la fábrica o del cliente (productos o servicios con defectos). Los objetivos del trabajo son identificar las causas que provocan la ausencia o pérdida de calidad (no calidad), proponer acciones correctivas en el proceso de elaboración de vinos, midiendo la frecuencia de aparición y clasificando los costos de no calidad. Conocer la frecuencia de aparición de las causas de no calidad en las etapas del proceso de elaboración de vinos permitirá optimizar la gestión y reducir los costos al disminuir sus correcciones. El estudio identifica los factores que alteran la calidad de los vinos. La mayor frecuencia de defectos es de origen prefermentativo, que junto con los de crianza, conservación y originados en el viñedo explican el 79% de los mismos. Los defectos encontrados constituyen costos de prevención y evaluación pero serán falla interna si la bodega está integrada y se atribuirán a falla externa en el caso de productor no integrado. Los establecimientos en los que se pudo identificar y establecer frecuencia de aparición de los defectos que influyen en la calidad del vino son aquellos que tienen algún sistema de gestión de la calidad, ya que han normalizado los registros que actuarán como herramienta de gestión. Los encargados de gerenciar las bodegas deberían conocer los puntos críticos del proceso para realizar la gestión preventiva de los posibles defectos. Los costos que inciden en la calidad del producto a comercializar se deben registrar y controlar, y trazarlos hacia adelante para conocer la incidencia de los mismos en los precios finales, y hacia atrás para que en la planificación de la próxima elaboración se contemple la prevención correspondiente.

Sistemas de Gestión de la Calidad. Metodología para implementar proyectos de mejora continua para la reducción de los defectos de construcción en edificación de viviendas

La mejora continua debería estar presente siempre en las empresas, dispongan o no de sistemas de gestión. Sin embargo, su aplicación en el sector de la construcción es especialmente difícil debido a las características particulares del mismo. Por este motivo se plantea el objetivo principal de esta Tesis Doctoral: “Establecer una metodología de trabajo que permita a las empresas constructoras implantar proyectos de mejora continua para incrementar la calidad de las viviendas entregadas a los usuarios”. En la investigación llevada a cabo se han inspeccionado 818 viviendas, recogiendo un total de 82.550 incidencias, las cuales se han analizado aplicando cuatro de las siete herramientas estadísticas básicas de la mejora continua (Hoja de recogida de datos, Estratificación, Histograma y Diagrama de Pareto), concluyendo que los tres oficios que concentran el 80% de los defectos, en los que convendría actuar para reducir de manera significativa los fallos de construcción en la fase de pre-entrega, son: Carpintería de Madera, Revestimientos Cerámicos e Instalación de Electricidad. De entre estos tres oficios se ha seleccionado el de Revestimientos Cerámicos para poner en práctica un proyecto de mejora continua. Analizando los datos relativos a este oficio se elabora un listado de 25 defectos tipo en los que se pueden agrupar todas las incidencias detectadas. Aplicando de nuevo las cuatro herramientas básicas de la calidad se destacan los 10 defectos tipo con mayor impacto en volumen de incidencias y en coste de reparación, para focalizar los esfuerzos de mejora. Con esta información se elabora un documento de criterios técnicos para la ejecución de los Revestimientos Cerámicos que se implanta, en parte, en varias obras para tratar de reducir los defectos detectados en las viviendas antes de la entrega a sus propietarios, y se definen unos Índices de Calidad para medir los resultados. Se toman datos de nuevo a 6 y 20 meses desde la implantación del protocolo, se analizan y se calculan los resultados del proyecto de mejora, concluyendo que se está avanzando positivamente. En base a toda la información recogida a lo largo del proceso de la investigación y de la experiencia del proyecto de mejora implantado, se presenta una propuesta de metodología para implementar proyectos de mejora, así como la documentación recomendada para su puesta en práctica, además de la documentación técnica específica para la prevención de los defectos de construcción en Revestimientos Cerámicos incluyendo las fichas de control para la recepción de materiales, control de ejecución y control de recepción del revestimiento terminado. ABSTRACT Continuous improvement should always be a core value in firms of all kinds, whether or not they implement management systems. Nevertheless, its application in the construction sector seems especially difficult due to its inherent intricacies and complexity. The study of this phenomenon is the main aim of the hereby presented PhD dissertation "Establishment of a working methodology that allows construction (related) firms to carry out projects of continuous improvement in order to increase the quality of housing upon delivery to the client". In the present research 818 housing units have been inspected, collecting a total of 82550 incidence entries, which have been analyzed by means of 4 out of the 7 basic statistical tools of continuous improvement: Data collection sheets, stratification, histogram, and Pareto diagram. The data shows that the 3 main trades where special actions should be taken in order to significantly reduce construction defects are: carpentry, ceramic cladding, and electricity systems. These trades combined account for the 80% of the total defects detected during the inspections. Among the mentioned works, ceramic tiling is selected as a continuous improvement case study project. Analysing data relative to this specific trade, a list of 25 defect types is developed. These types gather all detected defects under this group. Further applying the four statistical tools referred to above, the 10 most significant events are highlighted as to clearly determine the improvement measures. These events have the most impact on both volume of defects and reparation costs. This information is then put together in a document of technical criteria for the correct execution of ceramic tiling that is implemented in various ongoing projects under construction as to minimize the defects prior to the final delivery to the client. Also, a series of Quality Index are defined as criteria for execution suitability. 6 to 20 months after the implementation of this control protocol, the same process is repeated with the purpose of comparing results. It is concluded that a positive evolution takes place. Based both on the information collected throughout the research process and the experience of the case study, the dissertation proposes a methodology to successfully implement improvement projects along with reference documentation and specific technical documents for the prevention of construction defects in ceramic tiling, including (i) material reception control sheets, (ii) an execution control sheet, and a sheet relative to the (iii) control of the finished cladding.

Estudo paramétrico da injeção de polímeros em reservatórios de petróleo

Developing an efficient methodology for oil recovery is extremely important . Within the range of enh anced oil recovery, known as EOR, the injection of polymer solutions becomes effective in controlling the mobility of displacing fluid . This method consists of adding polymers to the injection water to increase its viscosity, so that more water diffuses in to the porous medium and increasing the sweep efficiency in the reservoir. This work is studied by numerical simulation , application of the injection polymer solution in a homogeneous reservoir , semisynthetic with similar characteristics to the reservoirs of the Brazilian Northeast , numerical simulations were performed using thermal simulator STARS from CMG (Computer Modelling Group ). The study aimed to analyze the influence of some parameters on the behavior of reservoir oil production, with the response to cumulative production. Simulations were performed to analyze the influence of water injection, polymer solution and alternating injection of water banks and polymer solution, comparing the results for each simulated condition. The primary outcomes were: oil viscosity, percentage of injected polymer, polymer viscosity and flow rate of water injection. The evaluation of the influence of variables consisted of a complete experimental design followed a Pareto analysis for the purpose of pointing out which va riables would be most influential on the response represented b y the cumulative oil production . It was found that all variables significantly influenced the recovery of oil and the injection of polymer solution on an ongoing basis is more efficient for the cumulative production compared to oil recovery by continuous water injection. The primary recovery show ed low levels of oil production , water injection significantly improves the pro duction of oil in the reservoir , but the injection of polymer solution em erges as a new methodology to increase the production of oil, increasing the life of the well and possible reduction of water produced.

The Pareto regret frontier

Performance guarantees for online learning algorithms typically take the form of regret bounds, which express that the cumulative loss overhead compared to the best expert in hindsight is small. In the common case of large but structured expert sets we typically wish to keep the regret especially small compared to simple experts, at the cost of modest additional overhead compared to more complex others. We study which such regret trade-offs can be achieved, and how. We analyse regret w.r.t. each individual expert as a multi-objective criterion in the simple but fundamental case of absolute loss. We characterise the achievable and Pareto optimal trade-offs, and the corresponding optimal strategies for each sample size both exactly for each finite horizon and asymptotically.

A Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm for live migration of multiple interdependent virtual machines in data centers

Although live VM migration has been intensively studied, the problem of live migration of multiple interdependent VMs has hardly been investigated. The most important problem in the live migration of multiple interdependent VMs is how to schedule VM migrations as the schedule will directly affect the total migration time and the total downtime of those VMs. Aiming at minimizing both the total migration time and the total downtime simultaneously, this paper presents a Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) for the multi-VM migration scheduling problem. The SPEA2 has been evaluated by experiments, and the experimental results show that the SPEA2 can generate a set of VM migration schedules with a shorter total migration time and a shorter total downtime than an existing genetic algorithm, namely Random Key Genetic Algorithm (RKGA). This paper also studies the scalability of the SPEA2.

On optimum stratification with proportional allocation for a class of pareto distributions

Cum ./LSTA_A_8828879_O_XML_IMAGES/LSTA_A_8828879_O_ILM0001.gif rule [Singh (1975)] has been suggested in the literature for finding approximately optimum strata boundaries for proportional allocation, when the stratification is done on the study variable. This paper shows that for the class of density functions arising from the Wang and Aggarwal (1984) representation of the Lorenz Curve (or DBV curves in case of inventory theory), the cum ./LSTA_A_8828879_O_XML_IMAGES/LSTA_A_8828879_O_ILM0002.gif rule in place of giving approximately optimum strata boundaries, yields exactly optimum boundaries. It is also shown that the conjecture of Mahalanobis (1952) “. . .an optimum or nearly optimum solutions will be obtained when the expected contribution of each stratum to the total aggregate value of Y is made equal for all strata” yields exactly optimum strata boundaries for the case considered in the paper.

Pareto-optimal solutions for multi-objective optimization of fed-batch bioreactors using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm

Many optimal control problems are characterized by their multiple performance measures that are often noncommensurable and competing with each other. The presence of multiple objectives in a problem usually give rise to a set of optimal solutions, largely known as Pareto-optimal solutions. Evolutionary algorithms have been recognized to be well suited for multi-objective optimization because of their capability to evolve a set of nondominated solutions distributed along the Pareto front. This has led to the development of many evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms among which Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA and its enhanced version NSGA-II) has been found effective in solving a wide variety of problems. Recently, we reported a genetic algorithm based technique for solving dynamic single-objective optimization problems, with single as well as multiple control variables, that appear in fed-batch bioreactor applications. The purpose of this study is to extend this methodology for solution of multi-objective optimal control problems under the framework of NSGA-II. The applicability of the technique is illustrated by solving two optimal control problems, taken from literature, which have usually been solved by several methods as single-objective dynamic optimization problems. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diagrama de secuencias de reducción (dsr): aproximación metodológica para el análisis de núcleos líticos y remontajes

Homenaje a Georges Laplace, realizado en Vitoria-Gasteiz el 13,14 y 15 de noviembre de 2012. Edición a cargo de Aitor Calvo, Aitor Sánchez, Maite García-Rojas y Mónica Alonso-Eguíluz.

Simulación del diagrama de difracción de un cristal polidominio

La estructura microscópica de una gran cantidad de materiales sólidos es cristalina. Es decir, sus moléculas, o grupos de moléculas, están ordenadas de forma regular en un espacio tridimensio- nal que se extiende a lo largo de distancias correspondientes a miles de dimensiones moleculares. Desde el punto de vista académico, los materiales cristalinos (o, simplemente, cristales ) son dis- tribuciones periódicas e infinitas de átomos. Es de esta periodicidad microscópica de la que se vale la Física del Estado Sólido y en particular, la Cristalografía, para simplificar el estudio de los materiales cristalinos. No obstante, ciertos materiales presentan una forma más compleja: están formados por dos o más cristales ( dominios ) de la misma especie que se juntan con una orientación relativa deter- minada. A estos cristales, objeto central del presente estudio, se les da el nombre de twins . Actualmente, los métodos más comunes para el análisis de estructuras cristalinas se basan en fenómenos de difracción causados por la interacción de la materia con un cierto tipo de haz, ya sea de rayos-X, de electrones o de neutrones. El diagrama de difracción revela, al menos en parte, la simetría del cristal y ayuda a clasificarlo debidamente. Por lo general, el diagrama de difracción de un solo cristal no suele ser difícil de interpretar. El problema llega cuando se quieren analizar los mencionados twins. En ese caso, dado que poseen más de un dominio, el diagrama de difracción que se observa es el resultado de la superposición de los diagramas individuales de cada uno de los cristales que conforman la muestra. Incluso conociendo el número de los dominios y su orientación relativa, entender el diagrama puede ser una tarea complicada