The Soil and Water Assessment Tool:Historical Development, Applications, and Future Research Directions, 2007

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is a continuation of nearly 30 years of modeling efforts conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service. SWAT has gained international acceptance as a robust interdisciplinary watershed modeling tool, as evidenced by international SWAT conferences, hundreds of SWAT-related papers presented at numerous scientific meetings, and dozens of articles published in peer-reviewed journals. The model has also been adopted as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating Point & Nonpoint Sources) software package and is being used by many U.S. federal and state agencies, including the USDA within the Conservation Effects Assessment Project. At present, over 250 peer-reviewed, published articles have been identified that report SWAT applications, reviews of SWAT components, or other research that includes SWAT. Many of these peer-reviewed articles are summarized here according to relevant application categories such as streamflow calibration and related hydrologic analyses, climate change impacts on hydrology, pollutant load assessments, comparisons with other models, and sensitivity analyses and calibration techniques. Strengths and weaknesses of the model are presented, and recommended research needs for SWAT are provided.

Mitochondrial genotype segregation and effects during mammalian development: Applications to biotechnology

Mitochondria are endosymbiotic organelles responsible for energy production in practically every eukaryotic cell. Their uniparental fashion of inheritance, maternally inherited in mammals, and the homogeneity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within individuals and matrilineages, are biological phenomena that remain unexplained. This paper reviews some of the recent findings on mitochondrial influences on the manner in which embryos develop and how their genotypes are inherited in mammals, with particular emphasis on the genetic bottleneck effect. Animal models carrying a mix of mtDNAs (heteroplasmic) have been produced by karyoplast and cytoplast transplantation to analyze the segregation patterns at different stages during embryogenesis, in fetuses and offspring. Comparisons performed between murine and bovine reveal interesting changes in segregation and replication of transplanted mtDNAs. We have recently obtained Bos indicus and Bos taurus fetuses and calves from embryos reconstructed using enucleated polymorphic oocytes of Bos taurus origin. These and other findings on mitochondrial biology will have important implications in determining the cytoplasmic genotype of clones and in the preservation of endangered breeds and species. (C) 1999 by Elsevier B.V.

Extending the Simple Knowledge Organization System for Concept Management in Vocabulary Development Applications

In this article, we describe the development of an exten- sion to the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) to accommodate the needs of vocabulary devel- opment applications (VDA) managing metadata schemes and requiring close tracking of change to both those schemes and their member concepts. We take a neo- pragmatic epistemic stance in asserting the need for an entity in SKOS modeling to mediate between the abstract concept and the concrete scheme. While the SKOS model sufficiently describes entities for modeling the current state of a scheme in support of indexing and search on the Semantic Web, it lacks the expressive power to serve the needs of VDA needing to maintain scheme historical continuity. We demonstrate prelimi- narily that conceptualizations drawn from empirical work in modeling entities in the bibliographic universe, such as works, texts, and exemplars, can provide the basis for SKOS extension in ways that support more rig- orous demands of capturing concept evolution in VDA.

Effets d’un dispositif de formation exploitant des vidéos d’exemples de pratiques sur le développement d’une compétence professionnelle chez des enseignants du primaire

Cette recherche avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’effet du dispositif de formation « Zoom sur l’expertise pédagogique », ou, plus précisément, d’évaluer l’effet d’un parcours de formation créé grâce à ce dispositif et intégrant des exemples de pratiques sur vidéo sur les apprentissages et les intentions de changement de pratique d’un groupe d’enseignants du primaire relativement à la compétence professionnelle « Piloter des situations d’enseignement-apprentissage ». La réforme des programmes scolaires, qui s’installe progressivement depuis 2001, modifie considérablement les orientations en matière d’apprentissage et d’enseignement. Sa réussite repose notamment sur l’appropriation de nouvelles compétences professionnelles souvent difficiles à développer pour le personnel enseignant. À ces besoins de formation, les modalités de formation continue proposées ne semblaient répondre que partiellement. Le dispositif a été développé dans le but de soutenir le personnel enseignant dans l’appropriation de ce renouveau pédagogique et propose de nouvelles stratégies de formation basées principalement sur l’observation et l’analyse d’exemples de pratiques sur vidéo et enrichis de divers outils stimulant la réflexion sur la pratique. Sa conception s’inscrit dans un contexte d’émergence d’initiatives similaires. Néanmoins, beaucoup de questions restaient en suspens quant aux effets réels de ces dispositifs sur le développement professionnel des enseignants. Afin de réaliser une évaluation de ce dispositif, nous avons créé un parcours de formation que six enseignants ont réalisé. Ces personnes ont ensuite participé à deux entrevues semi-dirigées et ont partagé les notes prises durant la formation. Un cadre théorique a été développé, permettant de dégager trois questions de recherche : « Quels ont été les effets du dispositif de formation sur les savoirs relatifs aux composantes de la compétence ciblée ? » ; « Quels ont été les effets du dispositif de formation sur les intentions de changement de pratique des enseignants ? » ; « Comment améliorer le dispositif pour mieux soutenir le développement professionnel des enseignants ? ». Ce cadre a par la suite guidé l’analyse et l’interprétation des données recueillies. Une quantité substantielle d’informations a été obtenue permettant de mieux comprendre et documenter le rôle d’un tel dispositif de formation en ligne et des vidéos qui le composent. Nous avons pu confirmer leur effet positif sur le développement professionnel. Nous retenons notamment que les enseignants sont en mesure de mieux définir les composantes de la compétence ciblée par la formation, ils ont confirmé leur sentiment d’avoir appris, ils ont tous exprimé l'intention d’apporter des changements dans leur pratique. Tous ont grandement apprécié le parcours et ses vidéos, notamment la possibilité qu’elles leur offraient de s’identifier à des pairs et d’envisager des pistes de mise en application plus concrètes de leurs nouvelles connaissances. Par ailleurs, les commentaires et les suggestions des participants ont permis de dégager des pistes d’amélioration telles que la diminution de la quantité de vidéos, du nombre d’éléments de compétence présentés, ou l’augmentation de compléments pédagogiques accompagnant les vidéos. Ces pistes devraient toutefois être précisées et étudiées ce qui génère de nouvelles questions de recherches.

Online-questionnaire design:establishing guidelines and evaluating existing eupport

As a new medium for questionnaire delivery, the internet has the potential to revolutionise the survey process. Online (web-based) questionnaires provide several advantages over traditional survey methods in terms of cost, speed, appearance, flexibility, functionality, and usability [1, 2]. For instance, delivery is faster, responses are received more quickly, and data collection can be automated or accelerated [1- 3]. Online-questionnaires can also provide many capabilities not found in traditional paper-based questionnaires: they can include pop-up instructions and error messages; they can incorporate links; and it is possible to encode difficult skip patterns making such patterns virtually invisible to respondents. Like many new technologies, however, online-questionnaires face criticism despite their advantages. Typically, such criticisms focus on the vulnerability of online-questionnaires to the four standard survey error types: namely, coverage, non-response, sampling, and measurement errors. Although, like all survey errors, coverage error (“the result of not allowing all members of the survey population to have an equal or nonzero chance of being sampled for participation in a survey” [2, pg. 9]) also affects traditional survey methods, it is currently exacerbated in online-questionnaires as a result of the digital divide. That said, many developed countries have reported substantial increases in computer and internet access and/or are targeting this as part of their immediate infrastructural development [4, 5]. Indicating that familiarity with information technologies is increasing, these trends suggest that coverage error will rapidly diminish to an acceptable level (for the developed world at least) in the near future, and in so doing, positively reinforce the advantages of online-questionnaire delivery. The second error type – the non-response error – occurs when individuals fail to respond to the invitation to participate in a survey or abandon a questionnaire before it is completed. Given today’s societal trend towards self-administration [2] the former is inevitable, irrespective of delivery mechanism. Conversely, non-response as a consequence of questionnaire abandonment can be relatively easily addressed. Unlike traditional questionnaires, the delivery mechanism for online-questionnaires makes estimation of questionnaire length and time required for completion difficult1, thus increasing the likelihood of abandonment. By incorporating a range of features into the design of an online questionnaire, it is possible to facilitate such estimation – and indeed, to provide respondents with context sensitive assistance during the response process – and thereby reduce abandonment while eliciting feelings of accomplishment [6]. For online-questionnaires, sampling error (“the result of attempting to survey only some, and not all, of the units in the survey population” [2, pg. 9]) can arise when all but a small portion of the anticipated respondent set is alienated (and so fails to respond) as a result of, for example, disregard for varying connection speeds, bandwidth limitations, browser configurations, monitors, hardware, and user requirements during the questionnaire design process. Similarly, measurement errors (“the result of poor question wording or questions being presented in such a way that inaccurate or uninterpretable answers are obtained” [2, pg. 11]) will lead to respondents becoming confused and frustrated. Sampling, measurement, and non-response errors are likely to occur when an online-questionnaire is poorly designed. Individuals will answer questions incorrectly, abandon questionnaires, and may ultimately refuse to participate in future surveys; thus, the benefit of online questionnaire delivery will not be fully realized. To prevent errors of this kind2, and their consequences, it is extremely important that practical, comprehensive guidelines exist for the design of online questionnaires. Many design guidelines exist for paper-based questionnaire design (e.g. [7-14]); the same is not true for the design of online questionnaires [2, 15, 16]. The research presented in this paper is a first attempt to address this discrepancy. Section 2 describes the derivation of a comprehensive set of guidelines for the design of online-questionnaires and briefly (given space restrictions) outlines the essence of the guidelines themselves. Although online-questionnaires reduce traditional delivery costs (e.g. paper, mail out, and data entry), set up costs can be high given the need to either adopt and acquire training in questionnaire development software or secure the services of a web developer. Neither approach, however, guarantees a good questionnaire (often because the person designing the questionnaire lacks relevant knowledge in questionnaire design). Drawing on existing software evaluation techniques [17, 18], we assessed the extent to which current questionnaire development applications support our guidelines; Section 3 describes the framework used for the evaluation, and Section 4 discusses our findings. Finally, Section 5 concludes with a discussion of further work.

New Principles in Planning Evaluation

Maintaining and enhancing living conditions in cities through a combination of physical planning and environmental management is a newly emerging focus of governments around the world. For example, local governments seek to insulate sensitive land uses such as residential areas from environmentally intrusive activities such as major transport facilities and manufacturing. Regional governments protect water quality and natural habitat by enforcing pollution controls and regulating the location of growth. Some national governments fund acquisition of strategically important sites, facilitate the renewal of brown fields, and even develop integrated environmental quality plans. This book provides recently developed and tested methods for assessing the strengths and weaknesses of planning and policy options. Several contributions focus on new substantive areas of concern in planning evaluation, including environmental justice and sustainable urban development. Applications of evaluation in several planning contexts are demonstrated, and special problems that these pose are assessed. Several chapters address how to communicate the process and results to several stakeholder groups, and how to engage these groups in the evaluation process. Each chapter employs a realworld case in practice, thus dealing with the complexity of applying planning evaluation, and providing practical advice useful in similar situations.

Computational chemistry on Fujitsu vector-parallel processors: Development and performance of applications software

In this and a preceding paper, we provide an introduction to the Fujitsu VPP range of vector-parallel supercomputers and to some of the computational chemistry software available for the VPP. Here, we consider the implementation and performance of seven popular chemistry application packages. The codes discussed range from classical molecular dynamics to semiempirical and ab initio quantum chemistry. All have evolved from sequential codes, and have typically been parallelised using a replicated data approach. As such they are well suited to the large-memory/fast-processor architecture of the VPP. For one code, CASTEP, a distributed-memory data-driven parallelisation scheme is presented. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Study of the one dimensional and transient bioheat transfer equation: Multi-layer solution development and applications

: In this work we derive an analytical solution given by Bessel series to the transient and one-dimensional (1D) bioheat transfer equation in a multi-layer region with spatially dependent heat sources. Each region represents an independent biological tissue characterized by temperature-invariant physiological parameters and a linearly temperature dependent metabolic heat generation. Moreover, 1D Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical coordinates are used to define the geometry and temperature boundary conditions of first, second and third kinds are assumed at the inner and outer surfaces. We present two examples of clinical applications for the developed solution. In the first one, we investigate two different heat source terms to simulate the heating in a tumor and its surrounding tissue, induced during a magnetic fluid hyperthermia technique used for cancer treatment. To obtain an accurate analytical solution, we determine the error associated with the truncated Bessel series that defines the transient solution. In the second application, we explore the potential of this model to study the effect of different environmental conditions in a multi-layered human head model (brain, bone and scalp). The convective heat transfer effect of a large blood vessel located inside the brain is also investigated. The results are further compared with a numerical solution obtained by the Finite Element Method and computed with COMSOL Multi-physics v4.1 (c). (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Downstream processing development of enveloped viruses for clinical applications: innovative tools for rational process optimization

Dissertation presented to obtain a Ph.D. degree in Engineering and Technology Sciences, Biotechnology at the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Gold nanoparticle to antibody conjugates for diagnosis applications: molecular interactions and immunoassay development

Thesis for the Master degree in Structural and Functional Biochemistry

Characterization of processed materials by electrical currents: development of equipment and applications

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Applications of the indole scaffold in medicinal chemistry: development of new antioxidants, COX inhibitors and antitubercular agents

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química, especialidade Química Orgânica

Development of computational tools for the integrated analysis of DNA microarray data with applications in cancer research

The MAP-i Doctoral Program of the Universities of Minho, Aveiro and Porto