Geocronologia e evolução crustal da área do depósito de Cu-Au Gameleira, Província Mineral de Carajás (Pará), Brasil

O depósito de Cu-Au Gameleira está hospedado nas rochas do Grupo Igarapé Pojuca, pertencente ao Supergrupo Itacaiúnas, Província Mineral de Carajás, SE do Cráton Amazônico. Esse grupo está representado principalmente por rochas metavulcânicas máficas (RMV), anfibolitos, biotita xistos, formações ferríferas e/ou hidrotermalitos, cortadas por rochas intrusivas máficas (RIM), bem como por granitos arqueanos (2,56 Ga, Granito Deformado Itacaiúnas) e paleoproterozóicos (1,87 - 1,58 Ga, Granito Pojuca e Leucogranito do Gameleira). Cristais de zircão de um saprolito (2615 ± 10 Ma e 2683 ± 7 Ma) e de uma amostra de RIM (2705 ± 2 Ma), mostraram ser contemporâneos aos dos gabros do depósito Águas Claras. Datações Pb-Pb em rocha total e calcopirita de RMV indicaram idades de 2245 ± 29 Ma e 2419 ± 12 Ma, respectivamente, enquanto lixiviados de calcopirita indicaram idades de 2217 ± 19 Ma e 2180 ± 84 Ma. Essas idades são interpretadas como rejuvenescimento parcial provocado pelas intrusões graníticas proterozóicas (1,58 e 1,87 Ga) ou pelas reativações tectônicas associadas aos Sistemas Transcorrentes Carajás e Cinzento, ou total, provocada pelas últimas. As idades-modelo T_DM de 3,12 e 3,33 Ga para as RMV e RIM e os valores de _εNd (t) de -0,89 a -3,26 sugerem contribuição continental de rochas mais antigas e magmas gerados possivelmente em um ambiente de rifte continental ou de margem continental ativa.

Depósito Cu-Au Visconde, Carajás (PA): geologia e alteração hidrotermal das rochas encaixantes

Distante 15 km a leste da mina Sossego (Canaã de Carajás, no Pará), o depósito Visconde jaz na zona de contato entre o Supergrupo Itacaiúnas (2,76 Ga) e o embasamento (> 3.0 Ga). No depósito e arredores, ocorrem, principalmente, o granito Serra Dourada, riodacitos e gabrodioritos, variavelmente deformados e hidrotermalizados. A Suíte Intrusiva Planalto, também identificada, não mostra feições de alteração das demais rochas. Diques máficos e félsicos cortam o pacote rochoso. Sob condições dúctil-rúpteis iniciais a rúpteis, subsequentemente, a alteração hidrotermal evoluiu de sódico-cálcica (albita, escapolita e anfibólios) precoce e ubíqua para potássica (K-feldspato e Cl-biotita), retomando, em seguida, o caráter sódico-cálcico de efeito local (albita, epidoto, apatita, turmalina e fluorita), para, finalmente, assumir caráter cálcio-magnesiano (clinocloro, actinolita, carbonatos e talco subordinado). No granito Serra Dourada, albitização, epidotização e turmalinização são mais proeminentes e se contrapõem à escapolitização, biotitização, anfibolitização e magnetitização, muito expressivas nos gabros/quartzodioritos, e à K-feldspatização, mais comum nos riodacitos. Os principais corpos de minério são representados por veios e brechas, constituídos por calcopirita-bornita, além de disseminações (calcopirita + pirita ± molibdenita ± pentlandita). A suíte metálica básica é Fe-Cu-Au ± ETR. Abundante sulfeto foi precipitado na transição da alteração potássica para a cálcio-magnesiana, tendo apatita, escapolita, actinolita, epidoto, magnetita, turmalina, calcita, gipsita e fluorita como os principais minerais de ganga. Os metais foram transportados por fluidos hidrotermais ricos em Na, Ca, K, Fe e Mg, além de P, B, F e espécies de S. As similaridades se sobrepõem às diferenças, o que permite considerar os depósitos Visconde e Sossego cogenéticos.

Geological setting of the Guelb Moghrein Fe oxide-Cu-Au-Co mineralization, Akjoujt area, Mauritania

The Guelb Moghrein Fe oxide-Cu-Au-Co deposit is located at the western boundary of the West African craton in NW Mauritania. The wall rocks to the mineralization represent a meta-volcanosedimentary succession typical of Archaean greenstone belts. Two types of meta-volcanic rocks are distinguished: (1) volcanoclastic rocks of rhyodacite-dacite composition (Sainte Barbe volcanic unit), which form the stratigraphic base; (2) tholeiitic andesites-basalts (Akjoujt meta-basalt unit). The trace element signature of both types is characteristic of a volcanic arc setting. A small meta-pelitic division belongs to the Sainte Barbe volcanic unit. A meta-carbonate body, which contains the mineralization, forms a tectonic lens in the Akjoujt meta-basalt unit. It can be defined by the high X(mg) (=36) of Fe-Mg carbonate, the REE pattern and the delta(13)C values of -18 to -17 parts per thousand as a marine precipitate similar to Archaean banded iron formation (BIF). Additionally, small slices of Fe-Mg clinoamphibole-chlorite schist in the meta-carbonate show characteristics of marine shale. This assemblage, therefore, does not represent an alteration product, but represents an iron formation unit deposited on a continental shelf, which probably belongs to the Lembeitih Formation. The hydrothermal mineralization at 2492 Ma was contemporaneous with regional D(2) thrusting of the Sainte Barbe volcanic unit and imbrications of the meta-carbonate in the upper greenschist facies. This resulted in the formation of an ore breccia in the meta-carbonate, which is enriched in Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Bi, Mo, As and Au. Massive sulphide ore breccia contains up to 20 wt% Cu. The ore fluid was aqueous-carbonic in nature and either changed its composition from a Mg-rich oxidizing to an Fe-rich reducing fluid or the two fluid types mixed at the trap site. All lithologies at Guelb Moghrein were deformed by D(3) thrusting to the east in the lower greenschist facies. The mobility of REE in the retrogressed rocks explains the formation of a second generation of hydrothermal monazite, which was dated at c. 1742 Ma. Archaean rocks of the West African craton extend to the west to Guelb Moghrein. The active continental margin was deformed and mineralized in the Late Archaean-Early Proterozoic and again reactivated in the Mid-Proterozoic and Westphalian, showing that the western boundary of the craton was reactivated several times.

Metalogênese do depósito de Cu Cerro dos Martins, RS.

Este trabalho revisa a geologia e apresenta dados inéditos do Depósito de Cobre Cerro dos Martins (DCM), incluindo geocronologia Pb-Pb em zircão, inclusões fluidas, isótopos estáveis (C, O e S), composição isotópica do Sr e geoquímica de elementos maiores e traços das rochas vulcânicas encaixantes. O depósito está hospedado na seqüência vulcano-sedimentar do Grupo Bom Jardim, da Bacia do Camaquã, do Neoproterozóico do Escudo Sul Rio-grandense, e possui reservas calculadas de 1.450.000 t, com teor médio de 0,83% Cu. O depósito consiste de um conjunto de veios sulfetados que preenchem fraturas de direção N40º-60ºW em rochas andesíticas e sedimentares clásticas, com disseminações confinadas em níveis de siltito, arenito, andesito e conglomerado, da Formação Hilário do Grupo Bom Jardim. Os minerais do minério filoneano são a calcosina e bornita com calcopirita, pirita, galena e esfalerita subordinadas. Digenita, covelita, malaquita cuprita e azurita ocorrem como minério secundário em ganga constituída de carbonatos, quartzo, minerais argilosos, barita e rara hematita. A composição química das vulcânicas (elementos maiores e traços, incluindo ETR) indicam uma afinidade alcalina para o vulcanismo relacionado à Formação Hilário na região do Cerro dos Martins. Um corpo de quartzo-diorito, intrusivo nas rochas vulcânicas e sedimentares, mostrou idade de 550 ±5 Ma (Pb-Pb em zircões) indicando um valor mínimo para a geração do minério do DCM. Esta idade confirma a posição estratigráfica desta rocha na Formação Acampamento Velho e também fornece uma idade mínima para a deposição da seqüência vulcano-sedimentar encaixante do DCM. Os sulfetos do DCM mostram δS34 CDT com valores relativamente homogêneos entre - 6.2 e + 0.9‰ (n= 7). O valor de δS34 CDT da calcopirita, levemente positivo (+0.9‰), indica uma origem magmática para o S, mas os valores negativos encontrados nestes sulfetos, poderiam indicar o envolvimento de outras fontes com enxofre reduzido. Entretanto, a presença de hematita nas paragêneses minerais indica que o minério foi formado sob condições oxidantes, modificando a composição isotópica original do enxofre magmático (δS34 CDT ~ 0‰) para valores negativos. As baritas analisadas apresentam valores com δS34 CDT entre +9.25 e +10.65‰ (n=4) indicando deposição em condições oxidantes, originadas pela mistura de um fluido magmático-hidrotermal com água meteórica. A composição isotópica do C das calcitas do DCM varia com δC13 PDB entre - 1,90 a -4,45‰, interpretada como resultante da mistura entre carbono de fonte magmática com mármores do embasamento. Inclusões fluidas em quartzo do minério indicam temperaturas de deposição entre 157 e 273 °C com mediana de 215 °C (n = 45). A composição isotópica do oxigênio da água em equilibrio com a calcita do fluido hidrotermal (T= 215 °C) mostra valores de δ O18 SMOW entre 3 e 14, indicando H2O de origem magmática, com contribuição de água meteórica. A razão Sr87/Sr86 das mesmas calcitas mostram valores entre 0,7068 – 0,7087, de crosta superior. Rochas plutônicas e vulcânicas do escudo com idades próximas de 550 Ma possuem razões iniciais Sr87/Sr86 entre 0,704 – 0,710, compatíveis com aquelas encontradas nas calcitas da mineralização. Os fluidos hidrotermais do magmatismo shoshonítico-alcalino com idade de 595 Ma e Sr87/Sr86 entre 0,7041 a 0,7053, também são candidatos a fonte do Sr dos carbonatos hidrotermais, mas necessitariam de um componente mais radiogênico. Assim, a fonte de C-O e Sr das calcitas do minério pode ter sido originada diretamente de um fluido magmático-hidrotermal ou de uma mistura entre este fluido e mármores do embasamento. Portanto, o depósito Cerro dos Martins é interpretado como de origem magmática-hidrotermal, relacionado ao evento magmático alcalinoshoshonítico, pós-colisional da Orogênese Dom Feliciano, com idade entre 595-550 Ma. Novos modelos exploratórios para depósitos de cobre no Escudo do Rio Grande do Sul devem considerar o magmatismo alcalino na gênese dos depósitos.

Modelo estrutural do maciço rochoso do Depósito de Cobre e Ouro da Mina da Chapada, Alto Horizonte, GO

The Cu-Au mine of Chapada is located in the municipality of Alto Horizonte, in the northwestern portion of Goiás state and is inserted in the geological context of the Brasilia Belt, specifically the Mara Rosa Magmatic Arc, which hosts important deposits of Au and Cu-Au. The rocks found in the study area belong mainly to the Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence of Mara Rosa and are composed of basic to acidic metavolcanic rocks, psammiticpellitic metasedimentary rocks, chemical rocks and also hydrothermal products. Late intrusions occur and are represented by pegmatitic dikes and tonalitic bodies. The ore deposit of the Chapada mine is formed predominantly by the chalcopyrite-pyritemagnetite association, where pyrite is the most abundant mineral. Through the structural mapping of the mining fronts, it was able to recognize three deformational phases (Dn, Dn +1, Dn +2). During the Dn phase, isoclinal recumbent folds were formed, in association with amphibolites facies metamorphism. Later, in phase Dn +1, there was formation of drag folds and intrafolial folds in association with retrograde metamorphism in the greenschist facies. The deformational phase Dn +2, in its turn, was responsible for late symmetrical folding of the foliation, with NS and EW axes, resulting in an interference pattern of the dome-and-basin type

Zircon U-Pb and Hf-O analysis of porphyries from the Duolong porphyry Cu-Au deposit in the Bangongco copper belt, central Tibet

The Duolong porphyry Cu-Au deposit (5.4 Mt at 0.72% Cu, 41 t at 0.23 g/t Au), which is related to the granodiorite porphyry and the quartz-diorite porphyry from the Bangongco copper belt in central Tibet, formed in a continental arc setting. Here, we present the zircon U-Pb ages, geochemical whole-rock, Sr-Nd whole-rock and zircon in-situ Hf-O isotopic data for the Duolong porphyries. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) zircon U-Pb analyses for six samples yielded consistent ages of ~118 Ma, indicating a Cretaceous formation age. The Duolong porphyries (SiO2 of 58.81-68.81 wt.%, K2O of 2.90-5.17 wt.%) belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series. They show light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched distribution patterns with (La/Yb)N = 6.1-11.7, enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Cs, Rb, and Ba) and depletion of high field strength elements (e.g., Nb), with negative Ti anomalies. All zircons from the Duolong porphyries share relatively similar Hf-O isotopic compositions (d18O=5.88-7.27 per mil; eHf(t)=3.6-7.3), indicating that they crystallized from a series of cogenetic melts with various degrees of fractional crystallization. This, along with the general absence of older inherited zircons, rules out significant crustal contamination during zircon growth. The zircons are mostly enriched in d18O relative to mantle values, indicating the involvement of an 18O-enriched crustal source in the generation of the Duolong porphyries. Together with the presence of syn-mineralization basaltic andesite, the mixing between silicic melts derived from the lower crust and evolved H2O-rich mafic melts derived from the metsomatizied mantle wedge, followed by subsequent fractional crystallization (FC) and minor crustal contamination in the shallow crust, could well explain the petrogenesis of the Duolong porphyries. Significantly, the hybrid melts possibly inherited the arc magma characteristics of abundant F, Cl, Cu, and Au elements and high oxidation state, which contributed to the formation of the Duolong porphyry Cu-Au deposit.

ELA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology of regional volcanism hosting the Bajo de la Alumbrera Cu-Au deposit: implications for porphyry-related mineralization

ELA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology has been used to show that the porphyritic intrusions related to the formation of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au deposit, NW Argentina, are cogenetic with stratigraphically well-constrained volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Late Miocene Farallon Negro Volcanic Complex. Zircon geochronology for intrusions in this deposit and the host volcanic sequence show that multiple mineralized porphyries were emplaced in a volcanic complex that developed over 1.5 million years. Volcanism occurred in a multivent volcanic complex in a siliciclastic intermontane basin. The complex evolved from early mafic-intermediate effusive phases to a later silicic explosive phase associated with mafic intrusions. Zircons from the basal mafic-intermediate lavas have ages that range from 8.46 +/- 0.14 to 7.94 +/- 0.27 Ma. Regionally extensive silicic explosive volcanism occurred at similar to8.0 Ma (8.05 +/- 0.13 and 7.96 +/- 0.11 Ma), which is co-temporal with intrusion of the earliest mineralized porphyries at Bajo de la Alumbrera (8.02 +/- 0.14 and 7.98 +/- 0.14 Ma). Regional uplift and erosion followed during which the magmatic-hydrothermal system was probably unroofed. Shortly thereafter, dacitic lava domes were extruded (7.95 +/- 0.17 Ma) and rhyolitic diatremes (7.79 +/- 0.13 Ma) deposited thick tuff blankets, across the region. Emplacement of large intermediate composition stocks occurred at 7.37 +/- 0.22 Ma, shortly before renewed magmatism occurred at Bajo de la Alumbrera (7.10 +/- 0.07 Ma). The latest porphyry intrusive event is temporally associated with new ore-bearing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Other dacitic intrusions are associated with subeconomic deposits that formed synchronously with the mineralized porphyries at Bajo de la Alumbrera. However, their emplacement continued (from 7.10 +/- 0.06 to 6.93 +/- 0.07 Ma) after the final intrusion at Bajo de al Alumbrera. Regional volcanism had ceased by 6.8 Ma (6.92 +/- 0.07 Ma). The brief history of the volcanic complex hosting the Bajo de la Alumbrera Cu-Au deposit differs from that of other Andean provinces hosting porphyry deposits. For example, at the El Salvador porphyry copper district in Chile, magmatism related to Cu mineralization was episodic in regional igneous activity that occurred over tens of millions of years. Bajo de la Alumbrera resulted from the superposition of multiple porphyry-related hydrothermal systems, temporally separated by a million years. It appears that the metal budget in porphyry ore deposits is not simply a function of their longevity and/or the superposition of multiple porphyry systems. Nor is it a function of the duration of the associated cycle of magmatism. Instead, the timing of processes operating in the parental magma body is the controlling factor in the formation of a fertile porphyry-related ore system.

Volcanic setting of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Farallon Negro Volcanics, Northwest Argentina

The late Miocene Farallon Negro volcanics, comprising basaltic to rhyodacitic volcano-sedimentary rocks, host the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper-gold deposit in northwest Argentina. Early studies of the geology of the district have underpinned the general model for porphyry ore deposits where hydrothermal alteration and mineralization develop in and around porphyritic intrusions emplaced at shallow depths (2.5-3.5 km) into stratovolcanic assemblages. The Farallon Negro succession is dominated by thick sequences of volcano-sedimentary breccias, with lavas forming a minor component volumetrically. These volcaniclastic rocks conformably overlie crystalline basement-derived sedimentary rocks deposited in a developing foreland basin southeast of the Puna-Altiplano plateau. Within the Farallon Negro volcanics, volcanogenic accumulations evolved from early mafic to intermediate and silicic compositions. The younger and more silicic rocks are demonstrably coeval and comagmatic with the earliest group of mineralized porphyritic intrusions at Bajo de la Alumbrera. Our analysis of the volcanic stratigraphy and facies architecture of the Farallon Negro volcanics indicates that volcanic eruptions evolved from effusive to mixed effusive and explosive styles, as magma compositions changed to more intermediate and silicic compositions. Air early phase of mafic to intermediate voleanism was characterized by small synsedimentary intrusions with peperitic contacts, and lesser lava units scattered widely throughout the district, and interbedded with thick and extensive successions of coarse-grained sedimentary breccias. These sedimentary breccias formed from numerous debris- and hyperconcentrated flow events. A later phase of silicic volcanism included both effusive eruptions, forming several areally restricted lavas, and explosive eruptions, producing more widely dispersed (up to 5 kin) tuff units, some tip to 30-m thickness in proximal sections. Four key features of the volcanic stratigraphy suggest that the Farallon Negro volcanics need not simply record the construction of a large steep-sided polygenetic stratovolcano: (1) sheetlike, laterally continuous debris-flow and other coarse-grained sedimentary deposits are dominant, particularly in the lower sections; (2) mafic-intermediate composition lavas are volumetrically minor; (3) peperites are present throughout the sequence; and (4) fine-grained lacustrine sandstone-siltstone sequences occur in areas previously thought to be proximal to the summit region of the stratovolcano. Instead, the nature, distribution, and geometry of volcanic and volcaniclastic facies suggest that volcanism occurred as a relatively low relief, multiple-vent volcanic complex at the eastern edge of a broad, > 200-km-wide late Miocene volcanic belt and oil ail active foreland sedimentary basin to the Puna-Altiplano. Volcanism that occurred synchronously with the earliest stages of porphyry-related mineralization at Bajo de la Alumbrera apparently developed in an alluvial to ring plain setting that was distal to larger volcanic edifices.