Synthesis and gas transport property of polyimide from 2,2 '-disubstituted biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydrides (BPDA)

A series of dianhydride monomers, 2,2'-disubstituted-4,4',5,5'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (substituents = phenoxy, p-methylphenoxy, p-tert-butylphenoxy, nitro, and methoxy) were synthesized by the nitration of an N-methyl protected 3,3',4,4'-biphenyttetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and subsequent aromatic nucleophilic substitutions with aroxides (NaOAr) or methoxide. These dianhydrides were polymerized with various aromatic diamines in refluxing m-cresol containing isoquinoline to afford a series of aromatic polyintides. The effects of varying 2,2'-substituents of the dianhydride (BPDA) moiety on the properties of polyimides were investigated. It was found that polyimides from the dianhydrides containing phenoxy, p-methylphenoxy, and p-tert-butylphenoxy side groups possessed excellent solubility and film forming capability whereas polyimides from 2,2'-dinitro-BPDA and 2,2'-dimethoxy-BPDA were less soluble in organic solvent. The soluble polymers formed flexible, tough and transparent films. The films had a tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus in the ranges 102-168 MPa, 8-21%, 2.02-2.38 GPa, respectively. The polymer gas permeability coefficients (P) and ideal selectivities for N-2, O-2, CO2 and CH4 were determined for the -OAr substituted polyimides. The oxygen permeability coefficient (P-O2) and permselectivity of oxygen to nitrogen (PO2/N-2) of the films were in the ranges 3.4-11.3 barrer and 3.8-4.6, respectively.

A facile synthetic method for biphenyltetracarhoxylic dianhydrides

We report a facile and high-yielding procedure for preparing biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydrides (BPDAs). This method relies on a nickel-catalyzed electroreductive coupling reaction of dimethyl 3-chorophthalate (3-DMCP) and/or dimethyl 4-chorophthalate (4-DMCP) with subsequent hydrolysis of tetra-ester and dehydration of tetra-acid.

Synthesis and properties of polyimides derived from cis- and trans-1,2,3,4-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydrides

Cis-1,2,3,4-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (cis-1,2,3,4-CHDA) was synthesized. It was found that under such conditions as heating or boiling in acetic anhydride, cis-1,2,3,4-CHDA could be converted to its trans-isomer. The process of thermal isomerization was monitored by H-1 NMR spectra and the mechanism of conversion was proposed. Their absolute structures of cis- and trans-1,2,3,4-CHDAs were elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The polycondensations of cis- and trans-1,2,3,4-CHDAs with aromatic diamines such as 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA), 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA), 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-dimethyldiphenylmethane (DMMDA), 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (TPEQ), 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl] propane (BAPP) were studied. It is easy to obtain higher molecular weight polyimides from trans-1,2,3,4-CHDA using conventional one-step or two-step methods. However, higher molecular weight polyimides derived from cis-1,2,3,4-CHDA could not be prepared by the usual methods (solid content ca. 10%) owing to the trend of forming cyclic oligomers.

Polyimides from isomeric diphenylthioether dianhydrides

3,3',4,4'-Diphenylthioether dianhydride (4,4'-TDPA), 2,3,3',4'-diphenylthioether dianhydride (3,4'-TDPA), and 2,2',3,3-diphenylthioether dianhydride (3,3'TDPA) were synthesized from 3-chlorophthalic anhydride and 4-chlorophthalic anhydride. A series of polyimides derived from the isomeric diphenylthioether dianhydrides with several diamines were prepared. The properties, such as the solubility, thermal and mechanical behavior, dynamic mechanical behavior, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and permeability to some gases, were compared among the isomeric polyimides. Both 3,3'-TDPA- and 3,4-TDPA-based polyimides had good solubility in polar aprotic solvents and phenols. The 5% weight loss temperatures of all the obtained polyimides was near 500 degrees C in nitrogen. The glass-transition temperatures decreased according to the order of the polyimides based on 3,3'-TDPA, 3,4'-TDPA, and 4,4'-TDPA. The 3,4'-TDPA-based polyimides had the best permeability and lowest permselectivity, whereas the 4,4'-TDPA-based polyimides had the highest permselectivity and the lowest permeability of the three isomers. Furthermore, the rheological properties of thermoplastic polyimide resins based on the isomeric dipbenylthioether dianhydrides were investigated, and they showed that polyimide 3,4'-TDPA/4,4-oxydianiline had the lowest melt viscosity among the isomers; this indicated that the melt processibility had been greatly improved.

Polyimides from isomeric biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydrides and the effects of chemical structure on solubility

A series of homopolyimides and copolyimides was synthesized by the solution condensation of biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) isomers and various diamines followed by chemical imidization. These polyimides had intermediate to high molecular weights with inherent viscosities of 0.34-1.01 dL/g for homopolyimides and 0.48-1.02 dL/g for copolyimides. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the aromatic polyimides were stable up to 500degreesC, and the 5% weight loss temperatures were recorded in the range of 506-597degreesC in an air atmosphere and in the range of 517-601degreesC in a nitrogen atmosphere, depending on the diamines used. The glass transition temperatures of aromatic homopolyimides were above 271degreesC, while the glass transition temperatures of the copolyimides increased with an increase in the 2, 2', 3, 3'-BPDA-component. The effects of the chemical structure of the polymer chain on the solubility were investigated. It was found that the solubility of BPDA-based polyimides could be improved by the introduction of flexible units, nonlinear and non-coplanar units, and copolymerization. The polyimides with nonlinear and non-coplanar units derived from 2, 2', 3, 3'-BPDA appeared to have prominently enhanced solubility in polar aprotic solvents and polychlorocarbons when compared with the homopolyimide derived from 3, 3', 4, 4'-BPDA.

Synthesis and characterization of aromatic dianhydrides and polyesterimides derived from 4-hydroxyphthalic anhydride

4-Hydroxyphthalic anhydride, prepared from 4-chlorophthalic anhydride, was reacted with trimellitic anhydride monoacid chloride or arylene diacid chloride to give aromatic ester-containing dianhydrides (EDAs). These dianhydrides were characterized by element analysis, melt point, FTIR and H-1-NMR. A series of aromatic poly (amic ester acid)s was synthesized by polycondensation of these EDAs and various diamines in polar organic solvent. The inherent viscosity of poly (amic ester acid)s ranged from 0.55 to 0.89 dL/g, indicating the intermediate to higher molecular weight. Polyesterimides having glass transition temperatures between 184-219degreesC were produced by thermal imidization of corresponding poly (amic ester acid)s. These polymers were fairly resistant to organic solvent, but some of them were soluble in phenol solvents. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that these polyesterimides were stable up to 400degreesC, and the 5% weight loss temperatures were recorded in the range of 432-483degreesC in air atmosphers and 451-490degreesC in nitrogen.

Synthesis and characterization of optically active aromatic polyimides derived from 2,2 '-bis(2-trifluoro-4-aminophenoxy)-1,1 '-binaphthyl and aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides

Optically active 2,2'-bis(2-trifluoro-4-aminophenoxy)-1,1'-binaphthyl and its corresponding racemate were prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol with 2-chloro-5-nitrotrifluorotoluene and subsequently by the reduction of the resulting dinitro compounds. a series of optically active and optically inactive aromatic polyimides also were prepared therefrom, These polymers readily were soluble in common organic solvents such as pyridine, N,N'-dimethylacetamide, and m-cresol and had glass-transition temperatures of 256 similar to 278 degrees C. The specific rotations of the chiral polymers ranged from 167 similar to 258 degrees, and their chiroptical properties also were studied. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons Inc.

H-1 nmr study on the ring opening selectivity of aromatic dianhydrides towards methanol

Several isomeric aromatic diester-diacids may appear as a result of the opening selectivity of anhydride groups towards the alcohol. H-1 n.m.r. was thus used to characterize the isomeric structure and to quantify the isomer composition. It was found that the isomer ratios quantitatively correlate with electron affinity of bridged dianhydrides and is independent of the alcohol structure used. Furthermore, the H-1 n.m.r chemical shift of bridged diester-diacids was found to be a very sensitive probe of chemical nature of bridged groups and can be used as indices of the opening selectivity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Understanding the folding process of synthetic polymers by small-molecule folding agents

Two acceptor containing polyimides PDI and NDI carrying pyromellitic diimide units and 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxy diimide units, respectively, along with hexa(oxyethylene) (EO6) segments as linkers, were prepared from the corresponding dianhydrides and diamines. These polyimides were made to fold by interaction with specifically designed folding agents containing a dialkoxynaphtha-lene (DAN) donor linked to a carboxylic acid group. The alkali-metal counter-ion of the donor carboxylic acid upon complexation with the EO6 segment brings the DAN unit in the right location to induce a charge-transfer complex formation with acceptor units in the polymer backbone. This two-point interaction between the folding agent and the polymer backbone leads to a folding of the polymer chain, which was readily monitored by NMR titrations. The effect of various parameters, such as structures of the folding agent and polymer, and the solvent composition, on the folding propensities of the polymer was studied.

由异构的二苯醚二酐和二苯硫醚二酐合成的聚酰亚胺

本论文的目的是研究由桥联二配的异构体合成的聚酰亚胺的性质，期望能发现既不牺牲热性能和机械性能又能改善加工性的新型聚酰亚胺材料。国内外目前在此方面的研究还较少，对异构化聚酰亚胺进行系统研究既填补了基础研究在此方面的空白，也对发展新的聚酰亚胺品种具有很天的实际意义。本论文在聚酞亚胺组过去工作的基础上，以氯代苯配为原料合成了二苯醚二配（ODPA）和二苯硫醚二酐（TDPA）两种桥联二配的3，3'-位和3，4'-位异构体（以桥键相对苯酐单元的位置命名），并得到了3，3’一ODPA和3，4'-ODPA的单晶，发现它们的顺反构象在单晶中都能稳定存在，其扭曲结构对聚合物的性质有很大影响。本论文还以三种ODPA异构体和三种TDPA异构体为基础合成了一系列的热塑性聚酰亚胺，对它们的性质进行了研究，发现以3，3'-位和3，4'-位二配为基础的聚酰亚胺在酚类溶剂和DMAc、DMF、NMP等极性溶剂中具有良好的溶解性，在DMSO和CHC13中部分溶解，而以4，4'-位二配为基础的聚酰亚胺则只溶于酚类溶剂。异构ODPA和TDPA系列基于同种二胺的聚酰亚胺薄膜都具有高的耐热性，后者的热氧化稳定性比前者稍高。以3，3'-位二酐为基础的聚酰胺酸热亚胺化的薄膜较脆，但由它们化学亚胺化后的聚酰亚胺粉末再溶解可得优良力学性能的韧膜。以3，4'-位二醉和4，4'-位二配为基础的聚酰胺酸热亚胺化薄膜具有相近的优异力学性质。对以4，4'-ODPA为主的共聚、共混聚酰胺酸热亚胺化薄膜力学性能的研究表明，当3，3'-OD队的含量超过30％时，薄膜脆性明显增加，而3，4'-ODPA以任何比例和4，4'-ODPA共聚、共混都能得到强韧的薄膜。异构TDPA系列聚酰亚胺的力学性能同ODPA系列相当。由异构ODPA和TDPA系列合成的聚酰亚胺动态力学性质规律相同。它们的玻璃化转变温度（Tg）均为3，3'-位的最高，3，4'-位次之，4，4'-位的最低。对于β转变，均为4，4'-位的Tβ最高，β转变峰也最强，3，4'-位的Tβ较低，β转变峰也稍弱，3，3'-位的β转变最弱，没有明显的β转变峰。由ODPA系列异构体同ODA共聚、共混的热酞亚胺化聚酰亚胺薄膜除3，3'-ODPA含量为75％时膜脆DMTA未测外，其他共聚、共混聚酰亚胺薄膜的Tg均随4，4'-位含量的增加而降低，Tp随4，4'-位含量的增加而升高，β转变峰的强度也随4，4'-位含量的增加而增大，Tp（K）/Tg（K）数值均在0.68～0.75之间。含3，3'-位和3，4'-位二配的聚酰亚胺薄膜在Tg过后不久即被迅速拉长至伸长率超过30％（DMTA仪器的设限），而由4，4'-位二酐合成的聚酰亚胺则到450℃伸长率均未超30％。经对ODPA系列异构体同·ODA聚合的聚酰亚胺薄膜拉伸前后的WAXD研究发现，4，4'-ODPA/ODA的薄膜在拉伸前后结晶峰无变化，表明Tg前后其分子间均有较大的作用力，其他两种膜拉伸后有明显的取向结晶现象，由此可见它们在Tg后的迅速伸长可能是因为其扭曲结构使得分子链堆积疏松，链段的活动性随自由体积的增大而迅速增强。对中等分子量的异构ODPA和TDPA系列同ODA聚合的聚酰亚胺的流变性质研究发现，3，4'-位聚酰亚胺拥有最低的熔体粘度，可能因为其分子堆积比4，4'-位的疏松，而链刚性又比3，3'-位的弱。由异构ODPA和TDPA系列与不同二胺和封端剂合成的PMR型热固性聚酰亚胺流变性质规律不尽相同。异构ODPA/MDA/NA的PMR树脂中3，3'-位树脂熔融粘度谷底数值较高加工窗口较窄。异构ODR入／ODA/NA的PMR树脂中三者熔融粘度谷底相同，均在SPa·s左右，3，3'-位和3，4'-位树脂的加工窗口几乎重合，4，4'-位树脂加工窗口随不同次制样的结晶性不同而有所变化。同异构ODPA/ODA/NA的PMR树脂相比，异构TDPA／ODA/NA系列的熔融粘度谷底数值稍高（10～14Pa·s之间），但也彼此相同，无异构体间的差别，3，4'-位和4，4，一位树脂加工窗口均较宽且4，4'-位树脂无明显结晶出现，3，3'-位窗日最窄。异构TDPA/ODA/PEPA的PMR树脂熔融粘度谷底比NA封端的低，降到2-4Pa·s左右，且加工窗口大大加宽，异构体之间差别不大，熔融粘度谷底数值比4，4'-ODPA/ODA/PEPA树脂低，窗口也宽。以3，4’-ODA取代4，4'-ODA后，由4，4'-TD队、3，4'-TD队、3，4'-ODPA和4，4’-OD队合成的PE以封端PMR树脂均拥有1 Pa·s左右的熔体粘度谷底。4，4'-ODPA／3，4'-ODA／PEPA结晶性较强，加工窗口在290℃以上，其他三种树脂的加工窗口都可扩宽到270～350℃，可望适合用RrM工艺加工高性能的复合材料。总体看来，异构ODPA和TDPA系歹lJ的PMR树脂中，由4，4'-ODPA合成的树脂有较强的结晶性，由3，3'-位二配合成的树脂熔体粘度和加工窗口多有变化，但由4，4'-TDPA和3，4'-位二酐合成的不同种类树脂和其异构体相比均具有较低的熔体粘度谷底和较宽的加工窗口，可见异构TDPA系列的热固性聚酰亚胺熔融加工性比异构ODPA系列好。

由二酐的异构体合成的聚酰亚胺

聚酰亚胺是一类综合性能优异的重要耐热高分子材料，它在航空，航天工业，微电子工业等诸多领域获得了广泛的应用。异构的聚酰亚胺是近几年新兴起的结构材料之一，与传统结构的聚酰亚胺比较，具有更高的玻璃化温度，良好的溶解性能，低的熔融粘度，宽的加工窗口，和相当的机械性能和热稳定性，是一种较有发展前景的结构材料；同时异构的二酐单体又可以用来合成芳香环状聚酰亚胺，对这些十分稳定又具有很好溶解性能的环状齐聚体的研究还刚刚开始。为此，本论文主要就以下方面开展研究工作：1，以环己烯为原料，经六步，高收率地合成了PMDA的异构体，MPDA。发现MPDA在室温下同甲醇和苯胺的开环选择反应分别得到了不对称的酷化产物和对称的酞化产物，这种开环选择的差别可归结于在酞化反应过程中形成了环状氢键中间体。通过MPDA和苯胺的亚胺化反应研究，发现在DMAc中热环化得到单亚胺化合物和双亚胺化合物的混合物，而在对氯酚中热环化或者在DMAc中化学环化均只得到唯一双亚胺化合物。单晶X-Ray衍射证实了单亚胺化合物的结构。发现在DMAc中热环化时单亚胺化合物和双亚胺化合物可以相互转化，而在氮气或者真空高温条件下单亚胺化合物不能转化成双亚胺化合物，从而提出了反应机制，即少量DMAc中的水分可以影响生成单亚胺化合物。发现MPDA和ODA或者MDA聚合时有很大的生成环状聚酰亚胺的倾向，它们的环状性质由IR，MALDI-TOF-MS，和NMR所证实。发现环状聚酰胺酸放置时，不同的环之间可以发生转换，从而可以提高受热力学控制的环的收率。用溶剂萃取和重结晶的方法分离得到了环状聚酰亚胺二聚体，用单晶X-Ray衍射的方法表征了二聚体包容不同溶剂时的分子结构，从分子水平的角度研究了环状聚酞亚胺的结构和性能的关系。除了MPDA得到的聚酞亚胺有较高的g值外，异构体聚酰亚胺的其它性能如力学性能、热稳定性能、溶解度性能、形态结构性能等差别不大。2．以2，3-二甲基苯胺为原料，经四步，高收率地得到了3,3'-BTDA。发现螺双内酚在乙酸配中回流可以直接有效地转化成二配3,3'-BTDA，并提出了转化机制。单晶X-Ray衍射表明3,3'-BTDA和3,4'-BTDA都有非共平面的分子结构。通过研究异构的BTDA得到的聚酞亚胺，发现并表征了3,3'-BTDA和ODA聚合时有很大的生成环状聚酞亚胺的倾向。异构化BTDA得到的聚酞亚胺的Tg值规律：3,3'-BTDA＞3,4'-BTDA＞4,4'-BTDA；溶解性能规律：3,3'-BTDA＞3,4'-BTDA＞4,4'-BTDAA；融体粘度规律：3,3'-BTDA＞4,4'-BTDAA3,4'-BTDA；热机械性能规律：4,4'-BTDA澎3,4'-BTDA＞3,3'-BTDA。可以看出3,4'-BTDAA得到的聚酰亚胺既有良好的加工性能，又能保持材料的热机械性能。由DSC测得的异构模型化合物的Tm，△Hm，和△Sm数据可以有效地解释异构聚酰亚胺的Tg规律。3．合成了cis-1,2,3,4-CHDA，发现在一定条件下可以转化成它的异构体trans-1,2,3,4-CHDA，1HNMR直接跟踪热异构化反应的进程，并提出了转化机制。单晶X-Ray衍射确定了两个二配异构体的绝对构型。发现在用trans-1,2,3,4-CHDA制备聚酞亚胺时无论用两步法或者一步法，均能很容易地得到高分子量的聚合物。而它的异构体cig-1,2,3,4-CHDA在制备聚酞亚胺时，由于形成环状聚酞亚胺，用传统的方法得不到高分子量的聚合物，增加单体的浓度可以有效制得高分子量的聚合物。发现顺式聚合物的溶解性能比反式异构体的好，Tg值比相应反式异构体的高，其它如热氧化稳定性，机械性能，光学性能，异构体间没有明显的差别。但是，两个异构体都可以制得坚韧的透明薄膜。

Synthesis of isomeric bis(amine anhydride)s for novel poly(amine imide)s by Pd-catalyzed amination of 4-chlorophthalic anhydride

Two novel bis(amine anhydride) monomers, N,N'-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine dianhydride I and N,/N'-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-1,3-phenylenediamine dianhydride 11, were prepared via palladium-catalyzed amination reaction of 4-chloro-N-methylphthaliniide with 1,4-phenylenediamine or 1,3-phenylenediamine, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate bis(amine imide)s and subsequent dehydration of the resulting tetraacids. A series of new poly(amine imide)s were prepared from the synthesized dianhydride monomers with various diamines in NMP via conventional two-step method.

Synthesis and properties of soluble poly[bis(benzimidazobenzisoquinolinones)] based on novel aromatic tetraamine monomers

Four aromatic tetraamine monomers possessing flexible ether linkages were successfully synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of hydroquinone, 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2,2'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, and 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene with 5-chloro-2-nitroaniline, followed by reduction, respectively. With these monomers, a new class of soluble poly[ bis(benzimidazobenzisoquinolinones)] was prepared by a one-step, high-temperature solution polycondensation. The resulting polymers were completely soluble in phenolic solvents and had high inherent viscosities ranging from 1.2 to 1.5 g dL(-1). These polymers had glass transition temperatures in the range of 427-449 degrees C. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that all polymers were thermally stable, with 5% weight loss recorded above 510 degrees C in nitrogen.

Polyimides Derived from 1,4-Bis [3-oxy-(N-aminophthalimide)] Benzene

A novel diamine, 1,4-bis [3-oxy-(N-aminophthalimide)] benzene (BOAPIB), was synthesized from 1,4-bis [3-oxy-(N-phenylphthalimide)] benzene and hydrazine. Its structure was determined via IR, H-1 NMR, and elemental analysis. A series of five-member ring, hydrazine-based polyimides were prepared from this diamine and various aromatic dianhydrides via one-step polycondensation in p-chlorophenol. The inherent viscosities of these polyimides were in the range of 0.17-0.61 dL/g. These polymers were soluble in polar aprotic solvents and phenols at room temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the 5% weight-loss temperatures of the polyimides were near 450 degrees C in air and 500 degrees C in nitrogen. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) indicated that the glass-transition temperatures (T(g)s) of these polymers were in the range of 265-360 degrees C. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction showed that all the polyimides were amorphous.

Synthesis of bis(amine anhydride)s for novel high T(g)s and organosoluble poly(amine imide)s by palladium-catalyzed amination of 4-chlorophthalide anhydride

Two novel bis(amine anhydride)s, NN-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)aniline dianhydride (I) and N,N-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-p-tert-butylaniline (II), were synthesized from the palladium-catalyzed amination reaction of N-methyl-protected 4-chlorophthalic anhydride with arylamines, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate bis(amine-phthalimide)s and subsequent dehydration of the resulting tetraacids. The X-ray structures of anhydride I and II were determined. The obtained dianhydride monomers were reacted with various aromatic diamines to produce a series of novel polyimides. Because of the incorporation of bulky, propeller-shaped triphenylamine units along the polymer backbone, all polyimides exhibited good solubility in many aprotic solvents while maintaining their high thermal properties. These polymers had glass transition temperatures in the range of 298-408 degrees C. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that all polymers were stable, with 10% weight loss recorded above 525 degrees C in nitrogen.The tough polymer films, obtained by casting from solution, had tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile modulus values in the range of 95-164 MPa, 8.8-15.7%, and 1.3-2.2 GPa, respectively.