Gestión urbana en ciudades intermedias: informe final del estudio de caso Cusco, Perú

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Una propuesta para el servicio de limpieza: Cusco, Perú

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Sistema de planificación estratégica: municipalidad del Cusco (Perú)

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Apuntes Históricos del Perú. Noticias cronolológicas del Cuzco

UANL

Diagnóstico de los mecanismos de cooperación multilateral en materia antidroga referente a la reducción de oferta, donde participan los países de América del Sur: Marco de Recomendaciones para el Consejo Suramericano sobre el Problema Mundial de las Drogas

Esta investigación diagnóstica tiene por objeto la elaboración de un marco de recomendaciones para el Consejo Suramericano sobre el Problema Mundial de Drogas con el fin de actuar frente al problema de las drogas en la región a partir del diagnóstico de los alcances y limitaciones de la Comisión Interamericana para el Control del Abuso de Drogas (CICAD) y la decisión 505 o Plan Andino de Cooperación para la Lucha contra las Drogas Ilícitas y Delitos Conexos.

El Arco del Pacífico Latinoamericano: construyendo caminos de complementación e integración con Asia

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Verificación experimental de las correlaciones de transferencia de calor por ebullición en película, en piscina, en torno a esferas

La ebullición en película es el mecanismo de transferencia de calor básico que acopla térmicamente un líquido y una superficie caliente cuando existe una gran diferencia de temperatura entre ambos. El conocimiento preciso del comportamiento de este mecanismo térmico en torno a esferas es necesario para el análisis de seguridad de escenarios industriales en los que exista contacto entre un líquido y un material fundido fragmentado, generalmente en piezas esferoidales, y resulta esencial para garantizar la seguridad de los reactores nucleares ante escenarios accidentales de muy baja probabilidad, pero de gran severidad, en los que se postule la rotura en guillotina del circuito de refrigeración del reactor simultánea al fallo total activo del sistema de refrigeración de emergencia del núcleo. En tal hipotético escenario, se produciría la fusión del combustible en el plazo de algunas horas, con dispersión y relocalización de fragmentos sólidos esferoidales a muy alta temperatura. Para hacer frente a este escenario se precisa desarrollar procedimientos automáticos y manuales de operación de emergencia, resultando imprescindible disponer de modelos térmicos confiables, con un calificado soporte experimental, que permitan analizar de forma realista la refrigeración por ebullición en película, en modo ebullición en piscina, de las geometrías esferoidales sólidas resultantes. En el presente trabajo UNET-UPM abordan la verificación de las correlaciones más conocidas para ebullición en película en piscina en torno a esferas, mediante la comparación de las mismas con los resultados experimentales obtenidos por Liu-Theofanous. Algunos de los aspectos resaltantes son la limitada aplicabilidad de la correlación empírica de Frederking-Clark, el buen ajuste que muestran las correlaciones de Tou- Tso y de Grigoriew frente a los datos experimentales usados, y las deficiencias que muestran las correlaciones que toman en cuenta el subenfriamiento del líquido, sobre todo a altos niveles de subenfriamiento. En una futura segunda fase de esta investigación, de tipo analítica-numérica-experimental, se abordará en el desarrollo de nuevas correlaciones semi-empíricas, de mejor ajuste, que permitan una mejor capacidad predictiva en los modelos.

Revisión general de la transferencia de calor por ebullición en película en piscina

La ebullición en película es el mecanismo de transferencia de calor básico que acopla térmicamente un líquido, saturado o subenfriado, y una superficie caliente cuando existe una gran diferencia de temperatura entre ambos. Dicho mecanismo presenta la complejidad física asociada a la existencia de una capa límite convectiva de vapor en torno a la superficie caliente, así como al acoplamiento térmico radiante entre la superficie y los dos medios participativos que la rodean (vapor y líquido). Este mecanismo tiene aplicaciones tecnológicas de interés en propulsión aeroespacial, en sistemas criogénicos, en procesos industriales metalúrgicos, y en otras áreas de la Ingeniería en donde existe la necesidad de enfriar mediante ebullición superficies a alta temperatura. Por otra parte, la refrigeración por ebullición en película es un mecanismo que resulta de importancia esencial en el análisis de la seguridad de procesos industriales en los que sea previsible la interacción de agua y materiales fundidos, entre los que cabe destacar el caso de los reactores nucleares ante escenarios de riesgo en los que el acoplamiento térmico convectivo-radiante entre el combustible nuclear y el refrigerante, e incluso entre la superficie exterior de la vasija y el refrigerante, garantiza el cumplimiento de los criterios de aceptación en caso de fallo mecánico importante del sistema de refrigeración del reactor. En el presente trabajo, y para identificar el marco en que UNET-UPM desarrollará sus investigaciones sobre ebullición en película en piscina en torno a esferas, se realiza una revisión de los estudios más relevantes desarrollados en esta temática, en la que las primeras investigaciones teóricas y experimentales, de tipo fundamental, se remontan al periodo 1950-65 en que se desarrollaron los primeros proyectos de navegación espacial, y se diseñaron y construyeron los primeros reactores nucleares de aplicación comercial, promoviéndose posteriormente numerosas investigaciones que aportaron correlaciones "ad-hoc" de aplicación restringida a ciertas tecnologías, así como otras de propósito general, de menor precisión pero con mayor soporte teórico.

El Trienio Liberal en el Virreinato peruano: los ayuntamientos constitucionales de Arequipa, Cusco y Huamanga, 1820-1824

El artículo profundiza en aspectos desconocidos de lo que fue la reimplantación del gobierno representativo en el Virreinato del Perú durante el Trienio Liberal. Para ello se seleccionan tres ciudades, el Cusco, Huamanga y Arequipa, que se mantuvieron hasta muy tarde leales a la Corona. La consulta de documentación generada por las tres corporaciones ha permitido reconstruir tres ejemplos de poder local a través de los procesos electorales, la composición de los ayuntamientos y el análisis de sus competencias. Se demuestra que el virrey La Serna gobernó según la Constitución de 1812 y se pone de manifiesto que existieron cambios y continuidades entre ayuntamientos españoles y municipalidades peruanas, porque permanecieron algunos actores y fórmulas de las instituciones hispanas

Per capita versus adult-equivalent estimates of calorie availability in household budget surveys

This study aims to estimate an adult-equivalent scale for calorie requirements and to determine the differences between adult-equivalent and per capita measurements of calorie availability in the Brazilian population. The study used data from the 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. The calorie requirement for a reference adult individual was based on the mean requirements for adult males and females (2,550kcal/day). The conversion factors were defined as the ratios between the calorie requirements for each age group and gender and that of the reference adult. The adult-equivalent calorie availability levels were higher than the per capita levels, with the largest differences in rural and low-income households. Differences in household calorie availability varied from 22kcal/day (households with adults and an adolescent) to 428kcal/day (households with elderly individuals), thus showing that per capital measurements can underestimate the real calorie availability, since they overlook differences in household composition.

Bone Marrow Concentrate and Bovine Bone Mineral for Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Controlled, Randomized, Single-Blinded Clinical and Histological Trial-Per-Protocol Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of substituting autogenous bone (AB) by bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC). Both AB and BMAC were tested in combination with a bovine bone mineral (BBM) for their ability of new bone formation (NBF) in a multicentric, randomized, controlled, clinical and histological noninferiority trial. Materials and Methods: Forty-five severely atrophied maxillary sinus from 26 patients were evaluated in a partial cross-over design. As test arm, 34 sinus of 25 patients were augmented with BBM and BMAC containing mesenchymal stem cells. Eleven control sinus from 11 patients were augmented with a mixture of 70% BBM and 30% AB. Biopsies were obtained after a 3-4-month healing period at time of implant placement and histomorphometrically analyzed for NBF. Results: NBF was 14.3%+/- 1.8% for the control and nonsignificantly lower (12.6%+/- 1.7%) for the test (90% confidence interval: -4.6 to 1.2). Values for BBM (31.3%+/- 2.7%) were significantly higher for the test compared with control (19.3%+/- 2.5%) (p < 0.0001). Nonmineralized tissue was lower by 3.3% in the test compared with control (57.6%; p = 0.137). Conclusions: NBF after 3-4 months is equivalent in sinus, augmented with BMAC and BBM or a mixture of AB and BBM. This technique could be an alternative for using autografts to stimulate bone formation.

AnSBBR Applied to a Personal Care Industry Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Fill Time, Volume Treated Per Cycle, and Organic Load

A study was performed regarding the effect of the relation between fill time, volume treated per cycle, and influent concentration at different applied organic loadings on the stability and efficiency of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor containing immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam with recirculation of the liquid phase (AnSBBR) applied to the treatment of wastewater from a personal care industry. Total cycle length of the reactor was 8 h (480 min). Fill times were 10 min in the batch operation, 4 h in the fed-batch operation, and a 10-min batch followed by a 4-h fed batch in the mixed operation. Settling time was not necessary since the biomass was immobilized and decant time was 10 min. Volume of liquid medium in the reactor was 2.5 L, whereas volume treated per cycle ranged from 0.88 to 2.5 L in accordance with fill time. Influent concentration varied from 300 to 1,425 mg COD/L, resulting in an applied volumetric organic load of 0.9 and 1.5 g COD/L.d. Recirculation flow rate was 20 L/h, and the reactor was maintained at 30 A degrees C. Values of organic matter removal efficiency of filtered effluent samples were below 71% in the batch operations and above 74% in the operations of fed batch followed by batch. Feeding wastewater during part of the operational cycle was beneficial to the system, as it resulted in indirect control over the conversion of substrate into intermediates that would negatively interfere with the biochemical reactions regarding the degradation of organic matter. As a result, the average substrate consumption increased, leading to higher organic removal efficiencies in the fed-batch operations.

Contractile activity per se induces transcriptional activation of SLC2A4 gene in soleus muscle: involvement of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcriptional factors

Lima GA, Anhe GF, Giannocco G, Nunes MT, Correa-Giannella ML, Machado UF. Contractile activity per se induces transcriptional activation of SLC2A4 gene in soleus muscle: involvement of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcriptional factors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296: E132-E138, 2009. First published October 28, 2008; doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90548.2008.-Skeletal muscle is a target tissue for approaches that can improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant states. In muscles, glucose uptake is performed by the GLUT-4 protein, which is encoded by the SLC2A4 gene. SLC2A4 gene expression increases in response to conditions that improve insulin sensitivity, including chronic exercise. However, since chronic exercise improves insulin sensitivity, the increased SLC2A4 gene expression could not be clearly attributed to the muscle contractile activity per se and/or to the improved insulin sensitivity. The present study was designed to investigate the role of contractile activity per se in the regulation of SLC2A4 gene expression as well as in the participation of the transcriptional factors myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a), and thyroid hormone receptor-alpha (TR alpha). The performed in vitro protocol excluded the interference of metabolic, hormonal, and neural effects. The results showed that, in response to 10 min of electrically induced contraction of soleus muscle, an early 40% increase in GLUT-4 mRNA (30 min) occurred, with a subsequent 65% increase (120 min) in GLUT-4 protein content. EMSA and supershift assays revealed that the stimulus rapidly increased the binding activity of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha into the SLC2A4 gene promoter. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed, in native nucleosome, that contraction induced an approximate fourfold (P < 0.01) increase in MEF2D and HIF-1a-binding activity. In conclusion, muscle contraction per se enhances SLC2A4 gene expression and that involves MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcription factor activation. This finding reinforces the importance of physical activity to improve glycemic homeostasis independently of other additional insulin sensitizer approaches.

Sponge halogenated natural products found at parts-per-million levels in marine mammals

Several unknown, abundant brominated compounds (BCs) were recently detected in the blubber of dolphins and other marine mammals from Queensland (northeast Australia). The BC were interpreted as potential natural products due to the lack of anthropogenic sources for these compounds. This study investigated whether some of the BCs accumulated by diverse marine mammal species are identical with natural BCs previously isolated from sponges (Dysidea sp.) living in the same habitat. Isolates from sponges and mollusks (Asteronotus cespitosus) were compared with the signals detected in the mammals' tissue. Mass spectra and gas chromatography retention times on four different capillary columns of the isolates from sponges and mammals were identical in all respects. This proves that the chemical name of the compound previously labeled BC-2 is 4,6-dibromo-2-(2'-dibromo)phenoxyanisole and that the chemical name of BC-11 is 3,5-dibromo-2-(3',5'-dibromo-2'-methoxy)phenoxyanisole. Using a quantitative reference solution of BC-2, we established that the concentrations of the brominated metabolies found in the marine mammals are frequently >1 mg/kg. The highest concentration (3.8 mg/kg), found in a sample of pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), indicates that BC-2 is a bioaccumulative, natural organohalogen compound. This is supported by the concentrations of the BCs in our samples being equal to the highest concentrations of anthropogenic BCs in any environmental sample. The quantitative determination of BC-2 in blubber of marine mammals from Africa and the Antarctic suggests that BC-2 is wide-spread. These results are direct proof that marine biota can produce persistent organic chemicals that accumulate to substantial concentrations in higher trophic organisms.

Aging per se does not influence glucose homeostasis - In vivo and in vitro evidence

OBJECTIVE - To assess the effect of age on glucose metabolism by examining 1) glucose metabolism in young and middle-aged subjects when total or regional adiposity is taken into account and 2) in vitro glucose transport in adipose tissue explants from young and middle-aged women paired for total and abdominal adiposity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Study 1: body composition, subcutaneous abdominal and visceral adipose tissue areas, and fasting and oral glucose-stimulated glucose and insulin were measured in 84 young and 81 middle-aged men and in 110 young and 91 middle-aged women. Study 2: glucose uptake in subcutaneous abdominal and visceral adipose tissue explants were measured in eight young and eight middle-aged women. RESULTS - Study 1: young and middle-aged men showed similar subcutaneous abdominal tissue area, whereas fat mass and visceral adipose tissue were greater in middle-aged than in young men (P < 0.01). Fat mass and subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas were greater in middle-aged as compared with young women (P < 0.01). Fasting plasma glucose and the glucose response to an oral glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in middle-aged than in young men and women (P < 0.001). Statistical control for visceral adipose tissue area eliminated the difference seen in glucose response in men and women. Study 2: glucose transport in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue did not differ between young and middle-aged women. CONCLUSIONS - 1) Visceral obesity, more than age per se, correlates with glucose intolerance in middle-aged subjects; 2) aging does not influence in vitro adipose tissue glucose uptake.