Provisión

Provisión dada en Madrid el 15 de septiembre de 1606

Costes frente a beneficios de los suplementos nutricionales orales.

Health economics pretends to assign resources that are short in essence and that may be used for other purposes. Health costs analysis pretends to compare the pros and cons of several options among which an election can be made in order to obtain greater benefits with lower costs. The current legislation on prescription of enteral nutrition entails confusing definitions about the administration route and the requirements of home-based enteral nutrition, without a specific regulation comprising the prescription of oral supplements (OS). From the year 2000 to 2007, the consumption of homebased enteral nutrition in Andalusia increased considerably; the costs generated being multiplied by 37. Although the number of persons that daily consumed supplements was higher than the number of diets through nasogastric tube (DT) during the years evaluated, the costs derived from OS surpassed those of DT from the year 2005 due to the combination of two factors: a progressive increase in the number of persons to whom supplements were prescribed, and on the other hand the incorporation of more expensive specific formulations. The use of oral supplements seems to be cost/effective in hospitalized surgical patients (during the pre- and postsurgical period) and possibly in hospitalized malnourished elderly, especially after performing a hyponutrition screening. Although they may be effective, under other circumstances, such as ambulatory patients, studies with an adequate methodology are necessary in order to adopt clinical decisions based on evidence and cost analysis.

Especialización ganadera, industrias agroalimentarias y costes de transacción: Cataluña, 1880-1936

Cataluña es sin duda una de las regiones de Europa donde más se han dejado sentir las consecuencias de la industrialización y donde, como resultado de este proceso, las transformaciones experimentadas por el sector agrario también han sido más acusadas. En el presente estudio intentaré avanzar algunas respuestas a estas preguntas, tomando como referencia los cambios que se experimentaron en la producción y el consumo de alimentos ganaderos en la región catalana, entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la década de 1930. Muy sumariamente, lo que intentaré mostrar en este estudio son dos cuestiones. En primer lugar, que el desarrollo de un nuevo sector agroalimentario de orientación ganadera fue más difícil de realizar en las zonas mediterráneas que en las atlánticas, y en segundo lugar, que cuando este proceso dio lugar a un nuevo sector industrial de alimentos ganaderos, fue, en gran parte, cuando el incremento de los costes de transacción que ocasionaba la sostenida expansión de la demanda, propició la formación de nuevas empresas desde el sector comercial.

Evaluación de los costes de construcción y operación de un biofiltro

A continuación, mediante una metología clara y coherente, basada principalmente en la metodología propuesta en el libro “Biofiltration for Air Pollution Control” de Devinny Joseph S. del año 1999, relacionaremos unos parámetros de entrada o diseño del biofiltro con sus costes de construcción y operación. Aplicaremos a un caso real de un biofiltro estándar e implementaremos dicha metodología para determinar sus costes aproximados.

¿Por qué llamamos competitividad a lo que es fría presión hacia la reducción de costes?

¿Quién soporta los costes de la ‘reducción de costes’? La competencia entre empresas implica, lógicamente, que unas dejan de producir al quedarse sin demandantes y cansarse sus propietarios de perder dinero, mientras las exitosas mejoran sus resultados. Y las personas que trabajaban en las primeras pasan a la situación de parados. Cuando esta competencia empresarial es interna a un país, existen –o existe la posibilidad de instrumentar- mecanismos de compensación (sistema de subsidios de paro). De alguna manera, mejor o peor, más o menos justamente, los que salen ganando comparten así parte de sus ganancias con los que salen perdiendo. Pero respecto al mismo tipo de consecuencias, cuando la competencia es internacional tales mecanismos de compensación no existen. Ni siquiera en la UE los hay aún. ¿No deberíamos pensar en hacer algo al respecto?

Costes y beneficios de los inmigrantes a la Seguridad Social

El present treball de final de carrera pretén poder arribar a la conclusió de si els immigrants són per a Espanya un benefici o al contrari un cost. Per a això utilitzarem les diverses fonts estadístiques de què disposem, que ens ajudaran a ponderar si amb la immigració hi ha un benefici net o no. Aquest treball també pretén donar resposta a diverses creences populars que hi ha sobre el col.lectiu d’immigrants, tals com que “els immigrants ens treuen llocs de treball” o que “els immigrants no contribueixen a la Seguretat Social” entre d’altres. Dedicarem un apartat per parlar dels sectors i activitats laborals en els quals s’insereix la población immigrant. També ens referirem a un tema important com és l’economia submergida i el tràfic de persones. I per finalitzar el treball analitzarem l’actual crisis financiera i les seves repercusions en la migració. Dedicarem un apartat per parlar del retorn dels immigrants als seus països d’origen i donarem resposta a si el retorn és una opció positiva o més aviat negativa per sortir de la crisis financiera, i les repercusions que té l’esmentat retorn tant a curt termini com a llarg termini.

Costes asociados a la cirugía plástica del contorno corporal tras cirugía bariática

El tractament reparador del contorn corporal després de la pèrdua de pes massiva que es dóna en els pacients sotmesos a cirurgia bariàtrica és un tema infravalorat a la major part de la bibliografia i pels mateixos pacients. En el present estudi de revisió s’han analitzat els costos del tractament de les seqüeles d’obesitat mòrbida així com de les seves complicacions en una sèrie preliminar de 10 pacients intervinguts de cirurgia bariàtrica i cirurgia reparadora del contorn corporal dins de l’Equip Multidisciplinari de Tractament de l’Obesitat de l’HUGTiP.

Rehabilitación multimodal en cirugía electiva colorrectal: análisis de resultados, impacto en los costes hospitalarios y curva de aprendizaje

Els objectius són avaluar la seguretat, resultats i l’impacte en els costs d’un programa de rehabilitació multimodal en cirurgia colorrectal, així com estudiar la influència de la experiència de l’equip en el seu compliment i resultats. Estudi prospectiu de cohorts consecutives. La rehabilitació multimodal no augmenta la morbilitat ni la mortalitat. A més a més disminueix l’estada a l’hospital en 3 dies sense incrementar els reingressos. També s’associa a una disminució dels costs totals de 912 euros per pacient. El compliment del protocol millora amb l’experiència de l’equip multidisciplinari, accelerant la recuperació dels pacients i conseqüentment l’alta precoç.

Gender and the professional career of primary care physicians in Andalusia (Spain).

Background: Although the proportion of women in medicine is growing, female physicians continue to be disadvantaged in professional activities. The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the professional activities of female and male primary care physicians in Andalusia and to assess the effect of the health center on the performance of these activities. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and multicenter study. Setting: Spain. Participants: Population: urban health centers and their physicians. Sample: 88 health centers and 500 physicians. Independent variable: gender. Measurements: Control variables: age, postgraduate family medicine specialty (FMS), patient quota, patients/day, hours/day housework from Monday to Friday, idem weekend, people at home with special care, and family situation. Dependent variables: 24 professional activities in management, teaching, research, and the scientific community. Self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate, and multilevel logistic regression analyses. Results: Response: 73.6%. Female physicians: 50.8%. Age: female physicians, 49.1 ± 4.3 yrs; male physicians, 51.3 ± 4.9 yrs (p < 0.001). Female physicians with FMS: 44.2%, male physicians with FMS: 33.3% (p < 0.001). Female physicians dedicated more hours to housework and more frequently lived alone versus male physicians. There were no differences in healthcare variables. Thirteen of the studied activities were less frequently performed by female physicians, indicating their lesser visibility in the production and diffusion of scientific knowledge. Performance of the majority of professional activities was independent of the health center in which the physician worked. Conclusions: There are gender inequities in the development of professional activities in urban health centers in Andalusia, even after controlling for family responsibilities, work load, and the effect of the health center, which was important in only a few of the activities under study.

Area deprivation and mortality in the provincial capital cities of Andalusia and Catalonia (Spain)

Objective: To study the linkage between material deprivation and mortality from all causes, for men and women separately, in the capital cities of the provinces in Andalusia and Catalonia (Spain). Methods: A small-area ecological study was devised using the census section as the unit for analysis. 188 983 Deaths occurring in the capital cities of the Andalusian provinces and 109 478 deaths recorded in the Catalan capital cities were examined. Principal components factorial analysis was used to devise a material deprivation index comprising the percentage of manual labourers, unemployment and illiteracy. A hierarchical Bayesian model was used to study the relationship between mortality and area deprivation. Main results: In most cities, results show an increased male mortality risk in the most deprived areas in relation to the least depressed. In Andalusia, the relative risks between the highest and lowest deprivation decile ranged from 1.24 (Malaga) to 1.40 (Granada), with 95% credibility intervals showing a significant excess risk. In Catalonia, relative risks ranged between 1.08 (Girona) and 1.50 (Tarragona). No evidence was found for an excess of female mortality in most deprived areas in either of the autonomous communities. Conclusions: Within cities, gender-related differences were revealed when deprivation was correlated geographically with mortality rates. These differences were found from an ecological perspective. Further research is needed in order to validate these results from an individual approach. The idea to be analysed is to identify those factors that explain these differences at an individual level.

The influence of individual, social and physical environment factors on physical activity in the adult population in Andalusia, Spain

A person’s physical and social environment is considered as an influencing factor in terms of rates of engagement in physical activity. This study analyses the influence of socio-demographic, physical and social environmental factors on physical activity reported in the adult population in Andalusia. This is a cross-sectional study using data collected in the Andalusia Health Survey in 1999 and 2003. In addition to the influence of the individual’s characteristics, if there are no green spaces in the neighbourhood it is less likely that men and women will take exercise (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.13, 1.41). Likewise, a higher local illiteracy rate also has a negative influence on exercise habits in men (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.21, 1.59) and in women (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.40). Physical activity is influenced by individuals’ characteristics as well as by their social and physical environment, the most disadvantaged groups are less likely to engage in physical activity

Comprehensive tobacco action plan for Andalusia 2005-2010 [Recurso electrónico] : Andalusian Public Health System

Es versión en inglés del Plan Integral de Tabaquismo de Andalucía. Publicado en la página web de la Consejería de Salud: www.juntadeandalucia.es/salud (Consejería de Salud / Ciudadanía / Quiénes somos / Planes y Estrategias)

II Comprehensive Mental Health Plan For Andalusia 2008-2012 : Andalusian Public Health System

A Comprehensive Plan is a medium-term planning instrument. Its development alone does not guarantee the achievement of the goals laid out in it, but by defining the goals, establishing priorities and setting out courses of action and concrete activities it will allow for an overall vision of the objectives being aimed towards and the tasks that will need to be carried out. The first Comprehensive Mental Health Plan for Andalusia 2003-2007 (I PISMA, Plan Integral de Salud Mental de Andalucía) was developed using this approach. Nine courses of action were covered in this Plan, which over its duration lead to noticeable progress in various fields.The assessment of the I PISMA and the experience gained from its development have channelled into this second Comprehensive Mental Health Plan for Andalusia 2008-2012 (II PISMA). The main principles for this second Plan are quality improvements, equality and efficiency of health services, aimed at public awareness of mental health in the Andalusian population, prevention of the illnesses and improvements to the care of patients and their families.

Comprehensive heart disease action plan for Andalusia 2005-2009 : Andalusian Public Health System

The Comprehensive Heart Disease Action Plan for Andalusia 2005-2009 has been prepared within the framework of the presentations made both in the 3rd Andalusian Health Action Plan and in the Quality Plan of the Public Health System. Consequently, as with these two referral instruments, the improvement in the health results for the citizens of Andalusia continues to be sought without wavering, specifically with regard to meeting the needs and expectations of the population affected by health problems in this area.

Measles outbreak in Andalusia, Spain, January to August 2011.

On 7 January 2011, a six year-old child living in a Roma community near Seville, southern Spain, was hospitalised with measles. Contact tracing identified a probable index case with onset of symptoms on 20 December 2011 and several unreported cases among children under the age of 15 years in the same town. The outbreak initially spread in districts in the city of Seville with a high proportion of Roma residents, and later to other cities and towns in Andalusia. While some towns experienced wide spread of the disease with significant clusters of cases, most of the affected locations saw non-clustered cases or very few secondary cases. The outbreak resulted in 1,759 confirmed or probable cases of which 393 (19%) required hospitalisation. Measles virus of genotype D4 was diagnosed in more than half of the cases. Significant differences (p<0.0001) by age group were found between clustered and non-clustered cases. The highest proportion of clustered cases occurred in the age group of 5-14 yearolds, while the highest proportion of non-clustered cases was seen in those older than 29 years. The last confirmed case related to this outbreak was reported on 20 August 2011.