Experimental analysis of fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) confined masonry columns

The increasing use of Fiber Reinforced methods for strengthening existing brick masonry walls and columns, especially for the rehabilitation of historical buildings, has generated considerable research interest in understanding the failure mechanism in such systems. This dissertation is aimed to provide a basic understanding of the behavior of solid brick masonry walls unwrapped and wrapped with Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Composites. This is a new type of composite material, commonly known as FRCM, featuring a cementitious inorganic matrix (binder) instead of the more common epoxy one. The influence of the FRCM-reinforcement on the load-carrying capacity and strain distribution during compression test will be investigated using a full-field optical technique known as Digital Image Correlation. Compression test were carried on 6 clay bricks columns and on 7 clay brick walls in three different configuration, casted using bricks scaled respect the first one with a ratio 1:2, in order to determinate the effects of FRCM reinforcement. The goal of the experimental program is to understand how the behavior of brick masonry will be improved by the FRCM-wrapping. The results indicate that there is an arching action zone represented in the form of a parabola with a varying shape according to the used configuration. The area under the parabolas is considered as ineffectively confined. The effectively confined area is assumed to occur within the region where the arching action had been fully developed.

Verbesserung der seismischen Kapazität von Mauerwerkswänden durch Verwendung von Elastomerlagern

Ein großer Teil der Schäden wie auch der Verluste an Gesundheit und Leben im Erdbebenfall hat mit dem frühzeitigen Versagen von Mauerwerksbauten zu tun. Unbewehrtes Mauerwerk, wie es in vielen Ländern üblich ist, weist naturgemäß einen begrenzten Erdbebenwiderstand auf, da Zugspannungen und Zugkräfte nicht wie bei Stahlbeton- oder Stahlbauten aufgenommen werden können. Aus diesem Grund wurde bereits mit verschiedenen Methoden versucht, die Tragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk im Erdbebenfall zu verbessern. Modernes Mauerwerk kann auch als bewehrtes oder eingefasstes Mauerwerk hergestellt werden. Bei bewehrtem Mauerwerk kann durch die Bewehrung der Widerstand bei Beanspruchung als Scheibe wie als Platte verbessert werden, während durch Einfassung mit Stahlbetonelementen in erster Linie die Scheibentragfähigkeit sowie die Verbindung zu angrenzenden Bauteilen verbessert wird. Eine andere interessante Möglichkeit ist das Aufbringen textiler Mauerwerksverstärkungen oder von hochfesten Lamellen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein ganz anderer Weg beschritten, indem weiche Fugen Spannungsspitzen reduzieren sowie eine höhere Verformbarkeit gewährleiten. Dies ist im Erdbebenfall sehr hilfreich, da die Widerstandfähigkeit eines Bauwerks oder Bauteils letztlich von der Energieaufnahmefähigkeit, also dem Produkt aus Tragfähigkeit und Verformbarkeit bestimmt wird. Wenn also gleichzeitig durch die weichen Fugen keine Schwächung oder sogar eine Tragfähigkeitserhöhung stattfindet, kann der Erdbebenwiderstand gesteigert werden. Im Kern der Dissertation steht die Entwicklung der Baukonstruktion einer Mauerwerkstruktur mit einer neuartigen Ausbildung der Mauerwerksfugen, nämlich Elastomerlager und Epoxydharzkleber anstatt üblichem Dünnbettmörtel. Das Elastomerlager wird zwischen die Steinschichten einer Mauerwerkswand eingefügt und damit verklebt. Die Auswirkung dieses Ansatzes auf das Verhalten der Mauerwerkstruktur wird unter dynamischer und quasi-statischer Last numerisch und experimentell untersucht und dargestellt.

Dimensionamento sísmico de edifícios baixos em alvenaria confinada

O facto de se ignorar a contribuição da resistência às forças laterais que solicitam as paredes de alvenaria das estruturas em zonas sísmicas é um tema que tem dado muito de que falar na engenharia estrutural. Em Portugal os projetistas preferem as soluções em betão armado pela sua ampla aplicação e bons resultados ao longo dos tempos. Perante o exposto anteriormente e com o objetivo de abrir possibilidades a novas alternativas que permitam de igual forma bons comportamentos estruturais, pensando na construção económica e com segurança, apresenta-se este estudo que propõe a aplicação de alvenaria confinada em zonas sísmicas de Portugal. A presente dissertação está composta por seis capítulos. No capítulo I apresenta-se uma introdução ao problema que permita ao leitor o enquadramento no tema, indicando de igual forma os objetivos específicos que foram precisos cumprir para chegar ao objetivo geral pretendido, isto é, a proposta duma metodologia de conceção de estruturas de habitação usando alvenaria confinada em zonas de risco sísmico em Portugal, delimitadas para edificações de 1 a 2 andares. Os requisitos gerais de ligação considerados baseiam-se no documento “SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDE FOR LOW-RISE CONFINED MASONRY BUILDINGS” os quais foram complementados com dados recomendados pelos EC 6 e EC 8 baseados na norma portuguesa. No capítulo II mostram-se antecedentes de estudos nacionais e internacionais da alvenaria confinada, assim mesmo encontram-se as bases teóricas com definições e requerimentos importantes a serem considerados no momento da conceção do projeto, ainda nesta seção indicam-se os passos para a aplicação do método de cálculo de esforços resistentes das paredes de alvenaria confinada (Método Simplificado), tal método foi aplicado e validado em modelos de elementos finitos desenhados com materiais e características sísmicas de comum aplicação em Portugal como se apresenta no capítulo III. No capítulo IV analisam-se os resultados obtidos, levando a que no capítulo V se descreva uma proposta de aplicação de alvenaria confinada em zonas de baixa sismicidade e alta sismicidade em Portugal. Finalmente no capítulo VI os resultados obtidos levam a concluir que em zonas de baixa sismicidade o dimensionamento de densidade de paredes é dependente das cargas gravíticas para edifícios de 1 e 2 níveis. No caso de zonas de alta sismicidade são as forças sísmicas as condicionantes. Ainda para edifícios de 2 níveis nestas zonas,a espessura mínima das paredes é de 0,20 m.

Dimensionamento sísmico de edifícios baixos em alvenaria confinada

O facto de se ignorar a contribuição da resistência às forças laterais que solicitam as paredes de alvenaria das estruturas em zonas sísmicas é um tema que tem dado muito de que falar na engenharia estrutural. Em Portugal os projetistas preferem as soluções em betão armado pela sua ampla aplicação e bons resultados ao longo dos tempos. Perante o exposto anteriormente e com o objetivo de abrir possibilidades a novas alternativas que permitam de igual forma bons comportamentos estruturais, pensando na construção económica e com segurança, apresenta-se este estudo que propõe a aplicação de alvenaria confinada em zonas sísmicas de Portugal. A presente dissertação está composta por seis capítulos. No capítulo I apresenta-se uma introdução ao problema que permita ao leitor o enquadramento no tema, indicando de igual forma os objetivos específicos que foram precisos cumprir para chegar ao objetivo geral pretendido, isto é, a proposta duma metodologia de conceção de estruturas de habitação usando alvenaria confinada em zonas de risco sísmico em Portugal, delimitadas para edificações de 1 a 2 andares. Os requisitos gerais de ligação considerados baseiam-se no documento “SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDE FOR LOW-RISE CONFINED MASONRY BUILDINGS” os quais foram complementados com dados recomendados pelos EC 6 e EC 8 baseados na norma portuguesa. No capítulo II mostram-se antecedentes de estudos nacionais e internacionais da alvenaria confinada, assim mesmo encontram-se as bases teóricas com definições e requerimentos importantes a serem considerados no momento da conceção do projeto, ainda nesta seção indicam-se os passos para a aplicação do método de cálculo de esforços resistentes das paredes de alvenaria confinada (Método Simplificado), tal método foi aplicado e validado em modelos de elementos finitos desenhados com materiais e características sísmicas de comum aplicação em Portugal como se apresenta no capítulo III. No capítulo IV analisam-se os resultados obtidos, levando a que no capítulo V se descreva uma proposta de aplicação de alvenaria confinada em zonas de baixa sismicidade e alta sismicidade em Portugal. Finalmente no capítulo VI os resultados obtidos levam a concluir que em zonas de baixa sismicidade o dimensionamento de densidade de paredes é dependente das cargas gravíticas para edifícios de 1 e 2 níveis. No caso de zonas de alta sismicidade são as forças sísmicas as condicionantes. Ainda para edifícios de 2 níveis nestas zonas,a espessura mínima das paredes é de 0,20 m.

Masonry infill walls under blast loading using confined underwater blast wave generators (WBWG)

The vulnerability of the masonry envelop under blast loading is considered critical due to the risk of loss of lives. The behaviour of masonry infill walls subjected to dynamic out-of-plane loading was experimentally investigated in this work. Using confined underwater blast wave generators (WBWG), applying the extremely high rate conversion of the explosive detonation energy into the kinetic energy of a thick water confinement, allowed a surface area distribution avoiding also the generation of high velocity fragments and reducing atmospheric sound wave. In the present study, water plastic containers, having in its centre a detonator inside a cylindrical explosive charge, were used in unreinforced masonry infills panels with 1.7m by 3.5m. Besides the usage of pressure and displacement transducers, pictures with high-speed video cameras were recorded to enable processing of the deflections and identification of failure modes. Additional numerical studies were performed in both unreinforced and reinforced walls. Bed joint reinforcement and grid reinforcement were used to strengthen the infill walls, and the results are presented and compared, allowing to obtain pressure-impulse diagrams for design of masonry infill walls.

Masonry columns confined by composite materials: Experimental investigation

This study wants to analyze the effectiveness of different reinforcement typologies for masonry columns, in particular Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) and FRCM. The behavior of 10 solid – brick columns that are externally wrapped by FRP sheets and 2 unreinforced columns are presented in this study. The specimens are subjected to axial load until failure occurs. Three different confinement schemes were experimentally analyzed in order to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the proposed strengthening techniques: 1) Grid carbon FRP (CFRP_G); 2) Grid glass FRP (GFRP_G); 3) Uniaxial carbon FRP (CFRP_U). Two different configurations of the reinforcing system were investigated: FRP sheets are applied as external reinforcement along the perimeter of the masonry columns in the form of continuous and discontinuous wrap, respectively. The results, compared with those for un-reinforced columns, indicate an increases in ultimate load, stiffness and ductility.

Blast loading of masonry infills: testing and simulation

This work intends to present a newly developed test setup for dynamic out-of-plane loading using underWater Blast Wave Generators (WBWG) as loading source. Underwater blasting operations have been, during the last decades, subject of research and development of maritime blasting operations (including torpedo studies), aquarium tests for the measurement of blasting energy of industrial explosives and confined underwater blast wave generators. WBWG allow a wide range for the produced blast impulse and surface area distribution. It also avoids the generation of high velocity fragments and reduces atmospheric sound wave. A first objective of this work is to study the behavior of masonry infill walls subjected to blast loading. Three different masonry walls are to be studied, namely unreinforced masonry infill walls and two different reinforcement solutions. These solutions have been studied previously for seismic action mitigation. Subsequently, the walls will be simulated using an explicit finite element code for validation and parametric studies. Finally, a tool to help designers to make informed decisions on the use of infills under blast loading will be presented.

Melting and freezing of spherical bismuth nanoparticles confined in a homogeneous sodium borate glass

The melting temperature and the crystallization temperature of Bi nanoclusters confined in a sodium borate glass were experimentally determined as functions of the cluster radius. The results indicate that, on cooling, liquid Bi nanodroplets exhibit a strong undercooling effect for a wide range of radii. The difference between the melting temperature and the freezing temperature decreases for decreasing radius and vanishes for Bi nanoparticles with a critical radius R = 1.9 nm. The magnitude of the variation in density across the melting and freezing transitions for Bi nanoparticles with R = 2 nm is 40% smaller than for bulk Bi. These experimental results support a basic core-shell model for the structure of Bi nanocrystals consisting of a central crystalline volume surrounded by a structurally disordered shell. The volume fraction of the crystalline core decreases for decreasing nanoparticle radius and vanishes for R = 1.9 nm. Thus, on cooling, the liquid nanodroplets with R < 1.9 nm preserve, across the liquid-to-solid transformation, their homogeneous and disordered structure without crystalline core.

On the compressive strength prediction for concrete masonry prisms

The results of a combined experimental program and numerical modeling program to evaluate the behavior of ungrouted hollow concrete blocks prisms under uniaxial compression are addressed. In the numerical program, three distinct approaches have been considered using a continuum model with a smeared approach, namely plane-stress, plane-strain and three-dimensional conditions. The response of the numerical simulations is compared with experimental data of masonry prisms using concrete blocks specifically designed for this purpose. The elastic and inelastic parameters were acquired from laboratory tests on concrete and mortar samples that constitute the blocks and the bed joint of the prisms. The results from the numerical simulations are discussed with respect to the ability to reproduce the global response of the experimental tests, and with respect to the failure behavior obtained. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results was found for the peak load and for the failure mode using the three-dimensional model, on four different sets of block/mortar types. Less good agreement was found for plain stress and plain strain models.

Proposal of a test specimen to evaluate the shear strength of vertical interfaces of running bond masonry walls

There is no normalized test to assess the shear strength of vertical interfaces of interconnected masonry walls. The approach used to evaluate this strength is normally indirect and often unreliable. The aim of this study is to propose a new test specimen to eliminate this deficiency. The main features of the proposed specimen are failure caused by shear stress on the vertical interface and a small number of units (blocks). The paper presents a numerical analysis based on the finite element method, with the purpose of showing the theoretical performance of the designed specimen, in terms of its geometry, boundary conditions, and loading scheme, and describes an experimental program using the specimen built with full- and third-scale clay blocks. The main conclusions are that the proposed specimen is easy to build and is appropriate to evaluate the sheaf strength of vertical interfaces of masonry walls.

A numerical model for the description of the nonlinear behaviour of multi-leaf masonry walls

A nonlinear finite element model was developed to simulate the nonlinear response of three-leaf masonry specimens, which were subjected to laboratory tests with the aim of investigating the mechanical behaviour of multiple-leaf stone masonry walls up to failure. The specimens consisted of two external leaves made of stone bricks and mortar joints, and an internal leaf in mortar and stone aggregate. Different loading conditions, typologies of the collar joints, and stone types were taken into account. The constitutive law implemented in the model is characterized by a damage tensor, which allows the damage-induced anisotropy accompanying the cracking process to be described. To follow the post-peak behaviour of the specimens with sufficient accuracy it was necessary to make the damage model non-local, to avoid mesh-dependency effects related to the strain-softening behaviour of the material. Comparisons between the predicted and measured failure loads are quite satisfactory in most of the studied cases. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Parametrical study of masonry walls subjected to in-plane loading through numerical modeling

This paper deals with the numerical assessment of the influence of parameters such as pre-compression level, aspect ratio, vertical and horizontal reinforcement ratios and boundary conditions on the lateral strength of masonry walls under in-plane loading. The numerical study is performed through the software DIANA (R) based on the Finite Element Method. The validation of the numerical model is carried out from a database of available experimental results on masonry walls tested under cyclic lateral loading. Numerical results revealed that boundary conditions play a central role on the lateral behavior of masonry walls under in-plane loading and determine the influence of level of pre-compression as well as the reinforcement ratio on the wall strength. The lateral capacity of walls decreases with the increase of aspect ratio and with the decrease of pre-compression. Vertical steel bars appear to have almost no influence in the shear strength of masonry walls and horizontal reinforcement only increases the lateral strength of masonry walls if the shear response of the walls is determinant for failure, which is directly related to the boundary conditions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tidal fluctuations in a leaky confined aquifer: Dynamic effects of an overlying phreatic aquifer

Tidal fluctuations in a leaky confined coastal aquifer are damped significantly due to leakage into an overlying phreatic aquifer. Jiao and Tang [1999] presented an analytical solution to a simple model describing this phenomenon. Their solution assumes that the tidal fluctuations in the overlying phreatic aquifer are negligible (i.e,, a static phreatic aquifer), Here we examine dynamic effects of the overlying aquifer based on a new approximate analytical solution. The numerical results indicate that the dynamic effects can be significant for a relatively large leakage and a high transmissivity of the phreatic aquifer.