Programas políticos y bienes y usos comunales en Lorena durante la Revolución Francesa

La historiografía inglesa ha ahondado en el estudio de los bienes y usos comunales con el propósito de comprender el rol que jugó la transformación de los mismos en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo. No obstante, su contraparte francesa ha tendido a relegar este tipo de estudios a un segundo plano, sobre todo en lo que a los usos comunales respecta. De hecho, en los últimos veinte años se ha postulado la necesidad de estudiar a los bienes y usos comunales por separado, compartimentando el análisis histórico. El presente trabajo parte de un estudio de caso centrado en la región de Lorena, y pretende analizar el rol jugado por las luchas en torno a los bienes y usos comunales durante el período revolucionario en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo. Sugerimos que en Lorena el conflicto por los bienes comunales estimuló, al transformar la base material de producción, disputas más amplias en torno a las prácticas rurales que fueron redefiniendo la apropiación de la renta rural, beneficiando a los sectores que producían con mano de obra asalariada

Programas políticos y bienes y usos comunales en Lorena durante la Revolución Francesa

La historiografía inglesa ha ahondado en el estudio de los bienes y usos comunales con el propósito de comprender el rol que jugó la transformación de los mismos en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo. No obstante, su contraparte francesa ha tendido a relegar este tipo de estudios a un segundo plano, sobre todo en lo que a los usos comunales respecta. De hecho, en los últimos veinte años se ha postulado la necesidad de estudiar a los bienes y usos comunales por separado, compartimentando el análisis histórico. El presente trabajo parte de un estudio de caso centrado en la región de Lorena, y pretende analizar el rol jugado por las luchas en torno a los bienes y usos comunales durante el período revolucionario en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo. Sugerimos que en Lorena el conflicto por los bienes comunales estimuló, al transformar la base material de producción, disputas más amplias en torno a las prácticas rurales que fueron redefiniendo la apropiación de la renta rural, beneficiando a los sectores que producían con mano de obra asalariada

Programas políticos y bienes y usos comunales en Lorena durante la Revolución Francesa

La historiografía inglesa ha ahondado en el estudio de los bienes y usos comunales con el propósito de comprender el rol que jugó la transformación de los mismos en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo. No obstante, su contraparte francesa ha tendido a relegar este tipo de estudios a un segundo plano, sobre todo en lo que a los usos comunales respecta. De hecho, en los últimos veinte años se ha postulado la necesidad de estudiar a los bienes y usos comunales por separado, compartimentando el análisis histórico. El presente trabajo parte de un estudio de caso centrado en la región de Lorena, y pretende analizar el rol jugado por las luchas en torno a los bienes y usos comunales durante el período revolucionario en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo. Sugerimos que en Lorena el conflicto por los bienes comunales estimuló, al transformar la base material de producción, disputas más amplias en torno a las prácticas rurales que fueron redefiniendo la apropiación de la renta rural, beneficiando a los sectores que producían con mano de obra asalariada

Mental imagery for full and upper human bodies: common right hemisphere activations and distinct extrastriate activations.

The processing of human bodies is important in social life and for the recognition of another person's actions, moods, and intentions. Recent neuroimaging studies on mental imagery of human body parts suggest that the left hemisphere is dominant in body processing. However, studies on mental imagery of full human bodies reported stronger right hemisphere or bilateral activations. Here, we measured functional magnetic resonance imaging during mental imagery of bilateral partial (upper) and full bodies. Results show that, independently of whether a full or upper body is processed, the right hemisphere (temporo-parietal cortex, anterior parietal cortex, premotor cortex, bilateral superior parietal cortex) is mainly involved in mental imagery of full or partial human bodies. However, distinct activations were found in extrastriate cortex for partial bodies (right fusiform face area) and full bodies (left extrastriate body area). We propose that a common brain network, mainly on the right side, is involved in the mental imagery of human bodies, while two distinct brain areas in extrastriate cortex code for mental imagery of full and upper bodies.

Affective word priming in the left and right visual fields in young and older individuals

Alors que les hypothèses de valence et de dominance hémisphérique droite ont longtemps été utilisées afin d’expliquer les résultats de recherches portant sur le traitement émotionnel de stimuli verbaux et non-verbaux, la littérature sur le traitement de mots émotionnels est généralement en désaccord avec ces deux hypothèses et semble converger vers celle du décours temporel. Cette dernière hypothèse stipule que le décours temporal lors du traitement de certains aspects du système sémantique est plus lent pour l’hémisphère droit que pour l’hémisphère gauche. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner la façon dont les mots émotionnels sont traités par les hémisphères cérébraux chez des individus jeunes et âgés. À cet effet, la première étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’hypothèse du décours temporel en examinant les patrons d’activations relatif au traitement de mots émotionnels par les hémisphères gauche et droit en utilisant un paradigme d’amorçage sémantique et une tâche d’évaluation. En accord avec l’hypothèse du décours temporel, les résultats obtenus pour les hommes montrent que l’amorçage débute plus tôt dans l’hémisphère gauche et plus tard dans l’hémisphère droit. Par contre, les résultats obtenus pour les femmes sont plutôt en accord avec l’hypothèse de valence, car les mots à valence positive sont principalement amorcés dans l’hémisphère gauche, alors que les mots à valence négative sont principalement amorcés dans l’hémisphère droit. Puisque les femmes sont considérées plus « émotives » que les hommes, les résultats ainsi obtenus peuvent être la conséquence des effets de la tâche, qui exige une décision explicite au sujet de la cible. La deuxième étude a pour objectif d’examiner la possibilité que la préservation avec l’âge de l’habileté à traiter des mots émotionnels s’exprime par un phénomène compensatoire d’activations bilatérales fréquemment observées chez des individus âgés et maintenant un haut niveau de performance, ce qui est également connu sous le terme de phénomène HAROLD (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults). En comparant les patrons d’amorçages de mots émotionnels auprès de jeunes adultes et d’adultes âgés performants à des niveaux élevés sur le plan comportemental, les résultats révèlent que l’amorçage se manifeste unilatéralement chez les jeunes participants et bilatéralement chez les participants âgés. Par ailleurs, l’amorçage se produit chez les participants âgés avec un léger délai, ce qui peut résulter d’une augmentation des seuils sensoriels chez les participants âgés, qui nécessiteraient alors davantage de temps pour encoder les stimuli et entamer l’activation à travers le réseau sémantique. Ainsi, la performance équivalente au niveau de la précision retrouvée chez les deux groupes de participants et l’amorçage bilatéral observé chez les participants âgés sont en accord avec l’hypothèse de compensation du phénomène HAROLD.

The paradox of nationalism: the common denominator of radical right and radical left euroscepticism

What can explain the strong euroscepticism of radical parties of both the right and the left? This article argues that the answer lies in the paradoxical role of nationalism as a central element in both party families, motivating opposition towards European integration. Conventionally, the link between nationalism and euroscepticism is understood solely as a prerogative of radical right-wing parties, whereas radical left-wing euroscepticism is associated with opposition to the neoliberal character of the European Union.This article contests this view. It argues that nationalism cuts across party lines and constitutes the common denominator of both radical right-wing and radical left-wing euroscepticism. It adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining intensive case study analysis with quantitative analysis of party manifestos. First, it traces the link between nationalism and euroscepticism in Greece and France in order to demonstrate the internal validity of the argument. It then undertakes a cross-country statistical estimation to assess the external validity of the argument and its generalisability across Europe.

Lessons on country life; a guide to the study of the animals of the farm, their habits, uses and treatment, together with notes on the wild animals, wild birds, and injurious insects common to our woods and fields. Arranged in eighty lessons for the use of teachers, farmers & others interested in country life,

Mode of access: Internet.

Comparison between right and left ventricular myocardia during the human fetal period. Stereological evaluation

PURPOSE: To develop a stereological comparison between right (RV) and left ventricle (LV) myocardium during the third human gestational trimester. METHODS: Five human fetal hearts of the third trimester provided representative samples of 5 RV myocardium and 4 LV myocardium. The material was fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, and processed through routine methods. Fifteen microscopic fields were randomly chosen and counted in each ventricular myocardium using an "M-42" test system. The following stereological parameters were assessed: Vv (%), Lv (µm²), Sv (µm²/µm³), Vp (µm³), Nv (1/mm³) and total N. RESULTS: No significant difference between the stereological parameters of the myocardial structures assessed was evidenced, when comparing RV and LV. CONCLUSION: Right and left human ventricular myocardium are very similar during the fetal period at least in regard to their structural aspects.

Lateralization of olfactory processing: Differential impact of right and left temporal lobe epilepsies.

Olfactory processes were reported to be lateralized. The purpose of this study was to further explore this phenomenon and investigate the effect of the hemispheric localization of epileptogenic foci on olfactory deficits in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Olfactory functioning was assessed in 61 patients and 60 healthy control (HC) subjects. The patients and HC subjects were asked to rate the intensity, pleasantness, familiarity, and edibility of 12 common odorants and then identify them. Stimulations were delivered monorhinally in the nostril ipsilateral to the epileptogenic focus in TLE and arbitrarily in either the left or the right nostril in the HC subjects. The results demonstrated that regardless of the side of stimulation, patients with TLE had reduced performance in all olfactory tasks compared with the HC subjects. With regard to the side of the epileptogenic focus, patients with left TLE judged odors as less pleasant and had more difficulty with identification than patients with right TLE, underlining a privileged role of the left hemisphere in the emotional and semantic processing of odors. Finally, irrespective of group, a tendency towards a right-nostril advantage for judging odor familiarity was found in agreement with a prominent role of the right hemisphere in odor memory processing.

Different degrees of ischaemic injury in the right and left ventricle in cases of severe, nonfatal, pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary fat embolism (PFE) is a common complication of blunt force traumas with bone fractures. Severe forms cause impedance to right ventricular (RV) ejection, with eventual right heart ischaemia and failure. In a prospective study, we have investigated 220 consecutive autopsy cases (73 females, 147 males, mean age 52.1 years, min 14 years, max 91 years). PFE was detected in 52 cases that were divided into three groups according to the degree of PFE (1-3). A fourth group of cases of violent death without PFE was used for comparison. In each case, histology (H&E, Masson) and immunohistochemistry (fibronectin and C5b-9) were performed on six cardiac samples (anterior, lateral and posterior wall of both ventricles). The degree of cardiac damage was registered in each sample and the mean degree of damage was calculated in each case at the RV and left ventricle (LV). Moreover, a parameter ∆ that is the difference between the mean damage at the RV and the LV was calculated in each case. The results were compared within each group and between the groups. In the present study, we could not detect prevalent RV damage in cases of high degree PFE as we did in our previous investigation. In the group PFE3 the difference of the degree of damage between the RV and LV was higher than the one observed in the groups PFE0-2 with the antibody anti-fibronectin. Prevalent right ventricular stress in cases of severe PFE may explain this observation.

The other side of protest music: the extreme-right and skinhead culture in democratic Portugal (1974-2015)

Although Portugal does not have a significant radical right presence in its party system, in the last decades the country did witness the development of a neo-Nazi skinhead movement that expresses its white nationalist nature and goals through the musical genres of Rock Against Communism (RAC) and the related Oi!. Utilizing various historical sources and theoretical analysis, this study contextualizes the development of nationalist music in Portugal, both before and especially during the democratic period (1974-2015). It focuses on its protagonists, domestic and international networks, as well as on the few attempts to establish a common cause with radical right-wing political parties at the turn of the century and in present times.

Contribuition of nitrogen from biological nitrogen fixation, nitrogen fertilizer and soil nitrogen on the growth of the common bean and cowpea

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) constitutes a valuable source of this nutrient for the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L and cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., being its avaibility affected by mineral N in the soil solution. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of nitrogen rate, as urea, on symbiotic fixation of N(2) in common bean and cowpea plants, using the isotopic technique, and quantifying the relative contributions of N sources symbiotic N(2) fixation, soil native nitrogen and urea N on the growth of the common bean and cowpea. Non nodulating soybean plants were used as standard. The research was carried out in greenhouse, using pots with 5 kg of soil from a Typic Haplustox (Dystrophic Red Yellow Latosol). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with 30 treatments and three replications, arranged in 5x3x2 factorial outline. The treatments consisted of five N rates: 2, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg N kg(-1) soil; three sampling times: 23, 40 and 76 days after sowing (DAS) and two crops: common bean and cowpea. The BNF decreased with increase N rates, varying from 81.5% to 55.6% for cowpea, and from 71.9% to 55.1% for common bean. The symbiotic N(2) fixation in cowpea can substitute totally the nitrogen fertilization. The nitrogen absorption from soil is not affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate. The N recovery from fertilizer at 76 DAS was of 60.7% by common bean, and 57.1% by cowpea. The symbiotic association in common bean needs the application of a starting dose (40 kg N ha(-1)) for economically acceptable yields.

Calculating current densities and fields due to shielded bi-planar radio-frequency coils

A method for the accurate computation of the current densities produced in a wide-runged bi-planar radio-frequency coil is presented. The device has applications in magnetic resonance imaging. There is a set of opposing primary rungs, symmetrically placed on parallel planes and a similar arrangement of rungs on two parallel planes surrounding the primary serves as a shield. Current densities induced in these primary and shielding rungs are calculated to a high degree of accuracy using an integral-equation approach, combined with the inverse finite Hilbert transform. Once these densities are known, accurate electrical and magnetic fields are then computed without difficulty. Some test results are shown. The method is so rapid that it can be incorporated into optimization software. Some preliminary fields produced from optimized coils are presented.

Calculating current densities and fields produced by shielded magnetic resonance imaging probes

A method is presented for computing the fields produced by radio frequency probes of the type used in magnetic resonance imaging. The effects of surrounding the probe with a shielding coil, intended to eliminate stray fields produced outside the probe, are included. An essential feature of these devices is the fact that the conducting rungs of the probe are of finite width relative to the coil radius, and it is therefore necessary to find the distribution of current within the conductors as part of the solution process. This is done here using a numerical method based on the inverse finite Hilbert transform, applied iteratively to the entire structure including its shielding coils. It is observed that the fields are influenced substantially by the width of the conducting rungs of the probe, since induced eddy currents within the rungs become more pronounced as their width is increased. The shield is also shown to have a significant effect on both the primary current density and the resultant fields. Quality factors are computed for these probes and compared with values measured experimentally.