Utilização de resíduo lignocelulósico na obtenção de chapa de madeira aglomerada homogênea e compósito reforçado com fibra de vidro-E

This research is about the use of the coconut´s endocarp (nucifera linn) and the waste of derivatives of wood and furniture as raw material to technological use. In that sense, the lignocellulosic waste is used for manufacture of homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS) and lignocellulosic load which take part of a polymeric composite with fiber glass E (GFRP-WC). In the manufacturing of the homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS), it was used mamona´s resin as waste s agglutinating element. The plates were taken up in a hydraulic press engine, heated, with temperature control, where they were manufactured for different percentage of waste wood and coconuts nucífera linn. Physical tests were conducted to determine the absorption of water, density, damp grade (in two hours and twenty-four hours), swelling thickness (in two hours and twenty-four hours), and mechanical tests to evaluate the parallel tensile strength (internal stick) and bending and the static (steady) flexural. The physical test´s results indicate that the LHWS can be classified as bonded wood plate of high-density and with highly water resistant. In the mechanical tests it was possible to establish that LHWS presents different characteristics when submitted to uniaxial tensile and to the static (steady) flexural, since brittle and elasticity module had a variation according to the amount of dry endocarp used to manufacture each trace of LHWS. The GFRP-WC was industrially manufactured by a hand-lay-up process where the fiber glass E was used as reinforcement the lignocellulósic´s waste as load. The matrix was made with ortofitalic unsaturated polyester resin. Physical and mechanical tests were performed in presence of saturated humidity and dry. The results indicated good performance of the GFRP-WC, as traction as in flexion in three points. The presence of water influenced the modules obtained in the flexural and tensile but there were no significant alteration in the properties analyzed. As for the fracture, the analysis showed that the effects are more harmful in the presence of damp, under the action of loading tested, but despite this, the fracture was well defined starting in the external parts and spreading to the internal regions when one when it reaches the hybrid load

Utilização de resíduo lignocelulósico na obtenção de chapa de madeira aglomerada homogênea e compósito reforçado com fibra de vidro-E

This research is about the use of the coconut´s endocarp (nucifera linn) and the waste of derivatives of wood and furniture as raw material to technological use. In that sense, the lignocellulosic waste is used for manufacture of homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS) and lignocellulosic load which take part of a polymeric composite with fiber glass E (GFRP-WC). In the manufacturing of the homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS), it was used mamona´s resin as waste s agglutinating element. The plates were taken up in a hydraulic press engine, heated, with temperature control, where they were manufactured for different percentage of waste wood and coconuts nucífera linn. Physical tests were conducted to determine the absorption of water, density, damp grade (in two hours and twenty-four hours), swelling thickness (in two hours and twenty-four hours), and mechanical tests to evaluate the parallel tensile strength (internal stick) and bending and the static (steady) flexural. The physical test´s results indicate that the LHWS can be classified as bonded wood plate of high-density and with highly water resistant. In the mechanical tests it was possible to establish that LHWS presents different characteristics when submitted to uniaxial tensile and to the static (steady) flexural, since brittle and elasticity module had a variation according to the amount of dry endocarp used to manufacture each trace of LHWS. The GFRP-WC was industrially manufactured by a hand-lay-up process where the fiber glass E was used as reinforcement the lignocellulósic´s waste as load. The matrix was made with ortofitalic unsaturated polyester resin. Physical and mechanical tests were performed in presence of saturated humidity and dry. The results indicated good performance of the GFRP-WC, as traction as in flexion in three points. The presence of water influenced the modules obtained in the flexural and tensile but there were no significant alteration in the properties analyzed. As for the fracture, the analysis showed that the effects are more harmful in the presence of damp, under the action of loading tested, but despite this, the fracture was well defined starting in the external parts and spreading to the internal regions when one when it reaches the hybrid load

Desenvolvimento de um painel sanduíche com carga de particulado oriundo de resíduo lignocelulósico para aplicação em produtos na área de equipamentos de proteção

This work aims to study and investigate the use of a hybrid composite polymer formed with blanket aramid (Kevlar 29) fiber blanket flax fiber and particulate dry endocarp of coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn), using as matrix an epoxy resin based thermoset for use in areas of protective equipment. Besides such material is used an aluminum plate, joined to the composite by means of glue based on epoxy and araldite commercial. The manufacturing process adopted was manual lamination (Hand Lay Up) to manufacture the hybrid composite. After the composite is prepared, an aluminum plate is subjected to pressure and glued to cure the adhesive. Layers of veil will also be used to separate the particulate from the linen blanket layer without disturbing the alignment of the fibers of the blankets. To characterize the mechanical and physical behavior was manufactured a plate of 800 x 600 mm of the hybrid composite, which were removed specimens for tests of water absorption to saturation; density; impact test (Charpy) and two test specimens for ballistic testing 220 mm x 200 mm to make a comparative study between the dry state and saturated water absorption and thus see the ballistic performance of these two conditions. The test was applied to make a comparative study of fracture in these two conditions, caused by penetrating ballistic missile (38 and 380). To test the impact (Charpy) will analyze the absorbed energy, fracture appearance and lateral contraction, also in dry condition and saturation of absorbed water, thereby analyzing situations where the impact load is relevant, such as bumps and shocks produced by stone, metal or wooden bars among others. The proposed configuration, along with the tests, has the purpose, application in the fields of equipment against ballistic impact, such as helmets; bullet proof vests; shields; protective packaging and other items to be identified in this research.

Fabricação e caracterização de um compósito hibrido com resíduo lignocelulósico

This work aims to manufacture and characterize a hybrid plastic composite with the matrix isophthalic polyester resin base and having as reinforcing glass fiber and the dry endocarp of coconut (Coco nucifera Linn) in the form of particles as filler. The composite was made industrially in Tecniplas Industry and Trade LTDA. in the form of plate, and was manufactured process made by the manual lamination (Hand Lay Up). From the plate they were prepared test specimens for testing density, water absorption, uniaxial traction in dry and wet states, and testing of bending, as well as studies on the behavior of the generated fractures, macroscopic and microscopic, in mechanical tests through. All tests were performed in order to find the most viable applications the hybrid composite manufactured. The tensile and bending tests were analyzed last tensile properties, elasticity and deformation module. After the studies, it is observed that the percentage moisture absorbed was 3.03%. The presence of moisture in the tensile test meant a decrease of 19.77% from last stand, and 5.26% in the elastic modulus. For bending tests gave an average value of 69.13 MPa flexural strength. The results show the application of hybrid composite studied in lightweight structures, indoors, which require low / medium performance traction demands, and which involve flexural requests.

Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae)

Lantana is a serious problem in several tropical and sub-tropical areas around the world. It is a Weed of National Significance in Australia where it costs the grazing industry alone over $104 million per annum. The chapter summarises current knowledge about the taxonomy, biology, distribution, ecology, impacts and biological control of the weed worldwide. Attempts to achieve biological control of lantana date back to 1902 making this weed one of our oldest targets. Although control has been achieved in some areas of the world, in many other areas control is still sub-optimum. Factors thought to contribute to the difficulty of achieving biocontrol include the plant's biology, the wide genetic variation associated with hundreds of varieties or biotypes and the wide range of climatic habitats associated with the weed. This chapter provides a good summary of the present day position.

Tetrasomaty in the roots ofCicer arietinum Linn

Sporadic instances of tetrasomaty in the primary and secondary roots of five varieties ofCicer arietinum Linn. are illustrated. The phenomenon was more common in Varieties I and II. The SAT-chromosomes are reliable guides to estimate the degree of polysomaty, since pre-treatment withp-dichlorobenzene revealed that cell types with 32 chromosomes at metaphase had two pairs of SAT-chromosomes associated with the nucleolus at prophase. Tetrasomatic cells appear to be limited to the dermatogen and periblem. Higher degrees of polysomaty were not observed.

Studies on the nucleolus -II.The persisting nucleoli of Cicer arietinum Linn.

The behaviour of the nucleoli from mitotic prophase till the end of telophase is illustrated. Since at prophase, the SAT-threads appear embedded in the nucleolar matrix, their orientation in the mass and the rate of dissolution of the latter would determine whether this relationship would continue till meta- or ana-phase. The persistence of the nucleoli-SAT association often till anaphase indicates that the movement of such nucleoli on the spindle is governed by that of the SAT-chromosomes.

Variations in the satellited chromosomes ofCicer arietinum Linn.

The diversity in the morphology of the SAT-chromosomes of C. arietinum in different roots are analysed in the context of similar variations observed in the different cells of one of the roots. Intergrades between the two pairs of chromosomes with normal satellites and those with tandem ones were observed in anaphases. The differences in the number as well as the size of the SAT-grains of replicated chromosomes indicate that non-reciprocal translocations between sister chromosomes may be of parts of SAT-grains and not of entire ones.

Estudio preliminar de las causas de pérdidas de viabilidad en la semilla de sorgo T-43 Sorghum bicolor (Linn) Moench

Este trabajo se realizó en dos investigativas La primera estuvo orientada en determinar si el tamaño de la semilla de sorgo T-43, tenía influencia en la viabilidad, lo cual se comprobó a nivel de campo y laboratorio, donde los porcentajes diferencias en ambos porcentajes. Cabe hacer mención que los datos obtenidos no son concluyentes, por carecer de repeticiones suficientes, pero si presentan tendencias en favor de la semilla clasificada con tamiz 10, el cual mostró los mayores porcentajes de germinación: de ello podemos deducir que la semilla para uso en la siembra se debe clasificar por tamaño. La segunda fase consisto en cosechar en tres épocas diferentes (tres diferentes humedades de semilla), los que se secaron al sol a 13 porciento de humedad, almacenándose en dos ambientes diferentes (cuarto frió, ambiente natural), los resultados no fueron concluyentes, ya que no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en lo que se refiere a los ambientes de almacenamiento y los momentos de recolecta; por lo que la pérdida de viabilidad observada se atribuyen a otros factores no controlados en el curso de este trabajo. Por otra parte, la semilla se sorgo T-43, muestra su más alto porcentaje de germinación 90,80,y 85 a los 100 días , con rangos de temperatura y humedad relativa de 25-27ªC y 60-65 por ciento respectivamente, esto para los momentos de recolecta 27.70 y 19.37% de humedad.

Calidad física –organoléptica del café (Coffea arabica L.), en manejo orgánico y manejo convencional en fincas de San Juan del Río Coco - Madriz, ciclo 2013-2014

El café (Coffeaarabica L.) de Nicaragua se caracteriza por su alta calidad, lo que lo lleva a competir entre los cafés especia les que son cotizados internacionalmente, mediante el concurso de taza de la excelencia del café. La calidad del café es un atributo multifactorial que puede ser afectado por la altura y factores de manejo en la etapa de producción, así como durante la cosecha, beneficiado y transporte. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la calidad física y organoléptica del café en fincas localizadas en tres zonas altitudinales de San Juan del Río Coco, Madriz , durante la zafra cafetalera 2013 - 2014 . Se colectaron muestras de café en seis fincas con manejo orgánico y seis fincas con manejo convencional, localizadas en tres niveles de altura (771 - 892; 984 - 1 ,064 y 1 , 209 - 1 , 327 msnm) . A las muestras se les hizo análisis físico y organoléptico en los laboratorios de calidad de la Central de Cooperativas PRODECOOP R.L. - Palacagüina - Madriz . Se hizo una caracterización de cada finca, incluyendo el manejo cultural y fitosanitario , tipo de suelo, incidencia de plagas y características socioeconómicas. Los resultados indican que de las muestras de las fincas la calificación obtenida osciló entre 79 y 82 puntos porcentuales de calidad, observándose una finca con manejo orgánico y una con manejo convencional con el mayor puntaje, ubicadas a 1 , 238 y 1 , 327 msnm respectivamente. Fincas a al turas medias mostraron resultados medios, sin embargo las muestras de fincas de baja altitud mostraron calificación alta y también la menor calificación.

Fertilización inicial en plantaciones comerciales de teca (Tectona grandis Linn F), Siuna, RAAN

La investigación se realizó en plantaciones de teca de 0 a 2 años de edad, con precipitaciones promedio de 1 500 mm/año, se estableció un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA), con tres repeticiones. Las plantas fueron expuestas a diferentes niveles de fertilización. Se evaluaron las variables altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, salud de la planta, forma de la planta, área basal y volumen. Los datos se analizaron mediante un arreglo factorial, con análisis de ANDEVA, diferencia mínima significativa (DMS, ∞ =0.05) y análisis descriptivo. Con respecto a las altura existió diferencias en los tratamientos a partir de los 12 meses después de haberse establecido la plantación, siendo los tratamientos uno (15-15-15) y dos (15-15-15 + 454g CaCo3), los que presentaron plantas de mayor altura, y diámetro; este comportamiento fue similar para el área basal y volumen. En cuanto a la forma de los árboles presentaron tallos rectos con mayor frecuencia en los tratamientos uno (15-15-15) y dos (15-15-15 + 454g CaCo3). La forma del fuste de la planta dependió del manejo, sin importar los niveles de fertilizantes empleados. En cuanto a los análisis de suelo realizados en el sitio se encontró que el fósforo presenta bajas concentraciones, la relación de bases afecta la absorción de elementos como el potasio. En general las condiciones del sitio no son favorables para el crecimiento de la teca.