内蒙古退化草原对不同类型干扰的响应研究

本文结合野外调查、野外实验和模型模拟方法研究了内蒙古退化草原在继续放牧和啮齿类动物活动干扰下，植物多样性、种群空间格局、种间空间关联、小尺度鼠丘和小尺度空斑（Gap）上植被发展动态的生态响应。研究结果如下： （1）经过长期不同强度的放牧干扰后，无牧条件下植被盖度显著低于其它三个放牧（轻牧、中牧、重牧）条件下的植被盖度，而其它三个放牧条件之间的植被盖度差异不显著;无牧条件下羊草成为群落的优势种，轻牧和中牧条件下冷蒿依然是群落的优势种，这三种条件下寸草苔的种群盖度最大;重牧条件下优势种变为星毛委陵菜，并且其种群盖度最大;不同放牧退化阶段指示植物的种群盖度随放牧强度增大的变化趋势是：冷蒿为先增大后减小，而星毛委陵菜为先急剧增大，然后平缓增大，最后再急剧增大;植物多样性和均匀度指数在中牧条件下最大，在无牧条件下最小，说明中牧条件下群落的多样性最高，无牧条件下群落的多样性最小，而优势度指数的变化趋势和它们正相反。 （2）放牧对星毛委陵菜（或糙隐子草）种群空间格局有显著影响，即使在同一放牧强度下其种群在不同尺度上的空间格局存在显著差异。在小尺度上，植物种群主要呈现为集聚分布;同一放牧强度下随着尺度的增大，集聚分布趋向于随机和均匀分布;随着放牧强度的增大，物种的集聚分布消失的空间尺度缩短。 （3）不同放牧强度下，冷蒿和星毛委陵菜之间的空间关联存在显著的差异。在无牧和轻牧条件下，冷蒿和星毛委陵菜在小尺度（0-100cm）上主要呈负关联的空间关系，而在中牧和重牧条件下除了呈负关联的空间关系外，两个物种在空间上还是相互独立的。同时，放牧强度的增大缩小了负关联程度的峰值（最小值）。放牧强度越大，两物种之间的空间关系由负关联转变为相互独立的空间尺度越小（距离越短）。 （4）草原黄鼠鼠丘干扰显著降低了植物物种的丰富度（24种），同样，减少了不同功能组内的物种数，特别是多年生非禾本科草类减少的物种数最多;和周围的未受鼠丘干扰的植被比较，鼠丘上植物多样性减少了1.42，优势度减少了4.21，而均匀度增加了0.06;鼠丘上，多年生植物出现频率(0.37)大约是一年生植物出现频率(0.13)的四倍。具有高抗埋藏性的物种（寸草苔）和抗埋藏性的物种（冷蒿、冰草和糙隐子草）具有相对较高的出现频率。对于功能组来说，多年生非禾本科草类(PF, EF=0.51)具有最大的出现频率，接下来依次是多年生根茎禾草(PR, EF=0.46)、灌木和半灌木(SS, EF=0.32)、多年生丛生禾草(PB, EF=0.25)、一年生和两年生植物(AB, EF=0.13);鼠丘上，寸草苔的密度最大（244.43 个体/米2)。多年生非禾本科草类的密度(130.74个体/米2)远大于其他功能组的密度（PR，34.76个体/米2;PB，16.52个体/米2;AB，14.31个体/米2;SS，12.39个体/米2）;鼠丘上植被地上生物量(35.90克/米2)远远小于外围对照植被地上生物量(211.54克/米2)。冷蒿的地上生物量最大，其次是寸草苔。对于功能组，SS最大 (8.44克/米2) ，其次是PF (7.17克/米2)，这两个功能组的地上生物量远大于其他三个功能组的地上生物量（PR, PB和 AB分别是 3.23克/米2、1.40克/米2和2.49克/米2）。 （5）干扰产生空斑的拓殖受空斑大小和放牧历史的影响，植物拓殖空斑的方式随空斑形成后的时间而变化。空斑直径越大，其被拓殖的机会越大;具有高强度放牧历史群落中的空斑更易被植物拓殖;第一年对空斑的拓殖主要通过种子萌发;第二年，种子萌发方式（特别是一年生植物）拓殖空斑的比例有所降低，而通过地下根茎的克隆繁殖拓殖空斑的比例有所增加。

Comparative ontogenetic behavior and migration of kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, from the Amur River

We conducted laboratory experiments with kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, to develop a conceptual model of early behavior. We daily observed embryos (first life phase after hatching) and larvae (period initiating exogenous feeding) to day-30 (late larvae) for preference of bright habitat and cover, swimming distance above the bottom, up- and downstream movement, and diel activity. Day-0 embryos of both species strongly preferred bright, open habitat and initiated a strong, downstream migration that lasted 4 days (3 day peak) for kaluga and 3 days (2 day peak) for Amur sturgeon. Kaluga migrants swam far above the bottom (150 cm) on only 1 day and moved day and night; Amur sturgeon migrants swam far above the bottom (median 130 cm) during 3 days and were more nocturnal than kaluga. Post-migrant embryos of both species moved day and night, but Amur sturgeon used dark, cover habitat and swam closer to the bottom than kaluga. The larva period of both species began on day 7 (cumulative temperature degree-days, 192.0 for kaluga and 171.5 for Amur sturgeon). Larvae of both species preferred open habitat. Kaluga larvae strongly preferred bright habitat, initially swam far above the bottom (median 50-105 cm), and migrated downstream at night during days 10-16 (7-day migration). Amur sturgeon larvae strongly avoided illumination, had a mixed response to white substrate, swam 20-30 cm above the bottom during most days, and during days 12-34 (most of the larva period) moved downstream mostly at night (23-day migration). The embryo-larva migration style of the two species likely shows convergence of non-related species for a common style in response to environmental selection in the Amur River. The embryo-larva migration style of Amur sturgeon is unique among Acipenser yet studied.

A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the 13-line ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus)

Mode of access: Internet.

Postnatal development of the retina in root vole Microtus oeconomus

Vision plays an important role in the living habits of animals, especially in feeding. We investigated the postnatal development of retina in root vole Microtus oeconornus. The result shows that the retina of the M. oeconornus is very primitive before postnatal day （PD） 3. The neuroblastic layer does not differentiate and makes up more than half of the retina layer. The outer plexiform layer （OPL） first comes into existence at PDS. At PD6, as the presence of the OPL becomes obvious, the outer nuclear layer （ONL） and inner nuclear layer （INL） are much clearer. At PD18, the retina is similar to an adult retina and each layer becomes distinct. The thickness and cell density of the ganglion cell layer （GCL） and ONL during different postnatal days were also examined. These results show that the thickness and density of ONL increase during ontogeny, while the thickness and density of GCL decrease. Compared with Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus agrarius , Cricetulus triton, Microtus mandarinus , Myospalax cansus , Spermophilus dauricus and Sciurotamias davidianus, the histological structure of the retina of M. oeconornus is between that of nocturnal and diurnal rodents.

Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. XXII. Paranoplocephala wigginsi n. sp., a Cestode from an Arctic Ground Squirrel

During the summer of 1953, Mr. Edward T. Roche, of the Department of Zoology, University of Southern California, continued observations on the life history of the ground squirrel, Citellus undulatus barrowensis (Merriam), along the Meade River south of Point Barrow, Alaska. In the course of this work, 55 ground squirrels were examined for intestinal parasites, and were found commonly to harbor cestodes. Mr. Roche kindly offered a number of these cestodes to the writer for study, and they represent an undescribed species of Paranoplocephala Liihe, 1910. In appreciation of the generous cooperation extended to the personnel of this laboratory by Dr. Ira L. Wiggins, formerly Scientific Director of the Arctic Research Laboratory, Office of Naval Research, at Point Barrow, the name Paranoplocephala wigginsi n. sp. is proposed for this cestode.

On the Ecology and Distribution of Echinococcus spp. (Cestoda: Taeniidae), and Characteristics of Their Development in the Intermediate Host. II. Comparative Studies on the Development of Larval E. multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, in the Intermediate Host

This paper reports the results of a comparative study of the development of the larval Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863), and associated tissue reaction in naturally and experimentally infected mammals representing 31 species. The histogenesis of the larval cestode was traced in detail in arvicoline rodents of several species, and interspecific differences were defined. In arvicoline rodents, the developing larva exhibited host-specific characteristics within about a month after infection was established. The tissue reaction in Microtus oeconomus was characterized by the production of a large quantity of detritus around the larva, and by the formation of a thick epithelioid zone. In one subspecies, M. oeconomus innuitus, development of the larva was retarded, and the detrital mass was often calcified; in another, M. oeconomus operarius, the detritus rarely became calcified and the larva proliferated more rapidly. In M. pennsylvanicus, the tissue reaction was minimal, and little detritus was present. The characteristics of the tissue reaction in M. montebelli placed it in an intermediate position between the aforementioned species. In Clethrionomys rutilus, a thin epithelioid zone and an outer zone of loose collagenous fibers composed the adventitial layer; exogenous budding was retarded in this vole. A minimal tissue reaction occurred in Lagurus curtatus. In Lemmus spp., larger cysts were characteristic, but areas of small-cystic proliferation were always present. Similar differences in species or subspecies of Citellus and Dicrostonyx were described. Lesions of alveolar bydatid disease in man also were studied. The invasive growth of the larval cestode in the human liver involves a process comparable to small-cystic proliferation in the natural intermediate hosts. Although the later stages of development of the larval cestode are inhibited in man, exogenous proliferation of vesicles continues for the life of the host. The lesion in man was compared with a morphologically similar formation produced by anomalous development of the larval E. granulosus in the bovine liver. The latter is distinguished by the absence of areas of small-cystic proliferation. Non-echinococcal lesions found in the tissues studied, some of which resembled foci caused by the larval E. multilocularis, were briefly discussed.

Seasonal Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Concentrations in the Dens of Hibernating Mammals (Sciuridae)

This paper reports seasonal changes in respiratory gases in artificial dens of two species of hibernators indigenous to central and northern Alaska: Citellus parryi ablusus(Osgood) and Marmota broweri Hall and Gilmore (Sciuridae).