Arquitectura wormhole per a una NoC 2D-Mesh

Aquest projecte presenta la implementació d'un disseny, i la seva posterior síntesi en una FPGA, d'una arquitectura de tipus wormhole packet switching per a una infraestructura de NetWork-On-Chip amb una topologia 2D-Mesh. Agafant un router circuit switching com a punt de partida, s'han especificat els mòduls en Verilog per tal d'obtenir l'arquitectura wormhole desitjada. Dissenyar la màquina de control per governar els flits que conformen els paquets dins la NoC,i afegir les cues a la sortida del router (outuput queuing) són els punts principals d'aquest treball. A més, com a punt final s'han comparat ambdues arquitectures de router en termes de costos en àrea i en memòria i se n’han obtingut diverses conclusions i resultats experimentals.

Planification et dimensionnement des réseaux optiques de longues distances

Le projet de recherche porte sur l'étude des problèmes de conception et de planification d'un réseau optique de longue distance, aussi appelé réseau de coeur (OWAN-Optical Wide Area Network en anglais). Il s'agit d'un réseau qui transporte des flots agrégés en mode commutation de circuits. Un réseau OWAN relie différents sites à l'aide de fibres optiques connectées par des commutateurs/routeurs optiques et/ou électriques. Un réseau OWAN est maillé à l'échelle d'un pays ou d’un continent et permet le transit des données à très haut débit. Dans une première partie du projet de thèse, nous nous intéressons au problème de conception de réseaux optiques agiles. Le problème d'agilité est motivé par la croissance de la demande en bande passante et par la nature dynamique du trafic. Les équipements déployés par les opérateurs de réseaux doivent disposer d'outils de configuration plus performants et plus flexibles pour gérer au mieux la complexité des connexions entre les clients et tenir compte de la nature évolutive du trafic. Souvent, le problème de conception d'un réseau consiste à prévoir la bande passante nécessaire pour écouler un trafic donné. Ici, nous cherchons en plus à choisir la meilleure configuration nodale ayant un niveau d'agilité capable de garantir une affectation optimale des ressources du réseau. Nous étudierons également deux autres types de problèmes auxquels un opérateur de réseau est confronté. Le premier problème est l'affectation de ressources du réseau. Une fois que l'architecture du réseau en termes d'équipements est choisie, la question qui reste est de savoir : comment dimensionner et optimiser cette architecture pour qu'elle rencontre le meilleur niveau possible d'agilité pour satisfaire toute la demande. La définition de la topologie de routage est un problème d'optimisation complexe. Elle consiste à définir un ensemble de chemins optiques logiques, choisir les routes physiques suivies par ces derniers, ainsi que les longueurs d'onde qu'ils utilisent, de manière à optimiser la qualité de la solution obtenue par rapport à un ensemble de métriques pour mesurer la performance du réseau. De plus, nous devons définir la meilleure stratégie de dimensionnement du réseau de façon à ce qu'elle soit adaptée à la nature dynamique du trafic. Le second problème est celui d'optimiser les coûts d'investissement en capital(CAPEX) et d'opération (OPEX) de l'architecture de transport proposée. Dans le cas du type d'architecture de dimensionnement considérée dans cette thèse, le CAPEX inclut les coûts de routage, d'installation et de mise en service de tous les équipements de type réseau installés aux extrémités des connexions et dans les noeuds intermédiaires. Les coûts d'opération OPEX correspondent à tous les frais liés à l'exploitation du réseau de transport. Étant donné la nature symétrique et le nombre exponentiel de variables dans la plupart des formulations mathématiques développées pour ces types de problèmes, nous avons particulièrement exploré des approches de résolution de type génération de colonnes et algorithme glouton qui s'adaptent bien à la résolution des grands problèmes d'optimisation. Une étude comparative de plusieurs stratégies d'allocation de ressources et d'algorithmes de résolution, sur différents jeux de données et de réseaux de transport de type OWAN démontre que le meilleur coût réseau est obtenu dans deux cas : une stratégie de dimensionnement anticipative combinée avec une méthode de résolution de type génération de colonnes dans les cas où nous autorisons/interdisons le dérangement des connexions déjà établies. Aussi, une bonne répartition de l'utilisation des ressources du réseau est observée avec les scénarios utilisant une stratégie de dimensionnement myope combinée à une approche d'allocation de ressources avec une résolution utilisant les techniques de génération de colonnes. Les résultats obtenus à l'issue de ces travaux ont également démontré que des gains considérables sont possibles pour les coûts d'investissement en capital et d'opération. En effet, une répartition intelligente et hétérogène de ressources d’un réseau sur l'ensemble des noeuds permet de réaliser une réduction substantielle des coûts du réseau par rapport à une solution d'allocation de ressources classique qui adopte une architecture homogène utilisant la même configuration nodale dans tous les noeuds. En effet, nous avons démontré qu'il est possible de réduire le nombre de commutateurs photoniques tout en satisfaisant la demande de trafic et en gardant le coût global d'allocation de ressources de réseau inchangé par rapport à l'architecture classique. Cela implique une réduction substantielle des coûts CAPEX et OPEX. Dans nos expériences de calcul, les résultats démontrent que la réduction de coûts peut atteindre jusqu'à 65% dans certaines jeux de données et de réseau.

Design of optical networks for advanced applications

Nowadays, computing is migrating from traditional high performance and distributed computing to pervasive and utility computing based on heterogeneous networks and clients. The current trend suggests that future IT services will rely on distributed resources and on fast communication of heterogeneous contents. The success of this new range of services is directly linked to the effectiveness of the infrastructure in delivering them. The communication infrastructure will be the aggregation of different technologies even though the current trend suggests the emergence of single IP based transport service. Optical networking is a key technology to answer the increasing requests for dynamic bandwidth allocation and configure multiple topologies over the same physical layer infrastructure, optical networks today are still “far” from accessible from directly configure and offer network services and need to be enriched with more “user oriented” functionalities. However, current Control Plane architectures only facilitate efficient end-to-end connectivity provisioning and certainly cannot meet future network service requirements, e.g. the coordinated control of resources. The overall objective of this work is to provide the network with the improved usability and accessibility of the services provided by the Optical Network. More precisely, the definition of a service-oriented architecture is the enable technology to allow user applications to gain benefit of advanced services over an underlying dynamic optical layer. The definition of a service oriented networking architecture based on advanced optical network technologies facilitates users and applications access to abstracted levels of information regarding offered advanced network services. This thesis faces the problem to define a Service Oriented Architecture and its relevant building blocks, protocols and languages. In particular, this work has been focused on the use of the SIP protocol as a inter-layers signalling protocol which defines the Session Plane in conjunction with the Network Resource Description language. On the other hand, an advantage optical network must accommodate high data bandwidth with different granularities. Currently, two main technologies are emerging promoting the development of the future optical transport network, Optical Burst and Packet Switching. Both technologies respectively promise to provide all optical burst or packet switching instead of the current circuit switching. However, the electronic domain is still present in the scheduler forwarding and routing decision. Because of the high optics transmission frequency the burst or packet scheduler faces a difficult challenge, consequentially, high performance and time focused design of both memory and forwarding logic is need. This open issue has been faced in this thesis proposing an high efficiently implementation of burst and packet scheduler. The main novelty of the proposed implementation is that the scheduling problem has turned into simple calculation of a min/max function and the function complexity is almost independent of on the traffic conditions.

Towards Useful Overall Network Teletraffic Definitions

A detailed conceptual and a corresponding analytical traffic models of an overall (virtual) circuit switching telecommunication system are used. The models are relatively close to real-life communication systems with homogeneous terminals. In addition to Normalized and Pie-Models Ensue Model and Denial Traffic concept are proposed, as a parts of a technique for presentation and analysis of overall network traffic models functional structure; The ITU-T definitions for: fully routed, successful and effective attempts, and effective traffic are re-formulated. Definitions for fully routed traffic and successful traffic are proposed, because they are absent in the ITU-T recommendations; A definition of demand traffic (absent in ITU-T Recommendations) is proposed. For each definition are appointed: 1) the correspondent part of the conceptual model graphical presentation; 2) analytical equations, valid for mean values, in a stationary state. This allows real network traffic considered to be classified more precisely and shortly. The proposed definitions are applicable for every telecommunication system.

Traffic Offered Behaviour Regarding Target QOS Parameters in Network Dimensioning

We consider a model of overall telecommunication network with virtual circuits switching, in stationary state, with Poisson input flow, repeated calls, limited number of homogeneous terminals and 8 types of losses. One of the main problems of network dimensioning/redimensioning is estimation of traffic offered in network because it reflects on finding of necessary number of circuit switching lines on the basis of the consideration of detailed users manners and target Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper we investigate the behaviour of the traffic offered in a network regarding QoS variables: “probability of blocked switching” and “probability of finding B-terminals busy”. Numerical dependencies are shown graphically. A network dimensioning task (NDT) is formulated, solvability of the NDT and the necessary conditions for analytical solution are researched as well. International Journal "Information Technologies and Knowledge" Vol.2 / 2008 174 The received results make the network dimensioning/redimensioning, based on QoS requirements easily, due to clearer understanding of important variables behaviour. The described approach is applicable directly for every (virtual) circuit switching telecommunication system e.g. GSM, PSTN, ISDN and BISDN. For packet - switching networks, at various layers, proposed approach may be used as a comparison basis and when they work in circuit switching mode (e.g. VoIP).

Dimensioning of Telecommunication Network Based on Quality of Services Demand and Detailed Behaviour of Users

The aim of this paper is to be determined the network capacity (number of necessary internal switching lines) based on detailed users’ behaviour and demanded quality of service parameters in an overall telecommunication system. We consider detailed conceptual and its corresponded analytical traffic model of telecommunication system with (virtual) circuit switching, in stationary state with generalized input flow, repeated calls, limited number of homogeneous terminals and losses due to abandoned and interrupted dialing, blocked and interrupted switching, not available intent terminal, blocked and abandoned ringing (absent called user) and abandoned conversation. We propose an analytical - numerical solution for finding the number of internal switching lines and values of the some basic traffic parameters as a function of telecommunication system state. These parameters are requisite for maintenance demand level of network quality of service (QoS). Dependencies, based on the numericalanalytical results are shown graphically. For proposed conceptual and its corresponding analytical model a network dimensioning task (NDT) is formulated, solvability of the NDT and the necessary conditions for analytical solution are researched as well. It is proposed a rule (algorithm) and computer program for calculation of the corresponded number of the internal switching lines, as well as corresponded values of traffic parameters, making the management of QoS easily.

Primary and Secondary Empirical Values in Network Redimensioning

A model of an overall telecommunication network with virtual circuits switching, in stationary state, with Bernoulli-Poisson-Pascal (BPP) input flow, repeated calls, limited number of homogeneous terminals and 8 types of losses is considered. One of the main problems of network redimensioning is estimation of the traffic offered in the network because it reflects on finding of necessary number of equivalent switching lines on the basis of the consideration of detailed users behavior and target Quality of Service (QoS). The aim of this paper is to find a new solution of Network Redimensioning Task (NRDT) [4], taking into account the inconvenience of necessary measurements, not considered in the previous research [5]. The results are applicable for redimensioning of every (virtual) circuit switching telecommunication system, both for wireline and wireless systems (GSM, PSTN, ISDN and BISDN). For packet - switching networks proposed approach may be used as a comparison basis and when they work in circuit switching mode (e.g. VoIP).

Evaluation of the PV cell operation temperature in the process of fast switching to open-circuit mode

A procedure for measuring the overheating temperature (ΔT ) of a p-n junction area in the structure of photovoltaic (PV) cells converting laser or solar radiations relative to the ambient temperature has been proposed for the conditions of connecting to an electric load. The basis of the procedure is the measurement of the open-circuit voltage (VO C ) during the initial time period after the fast disconnection of the external resistive load. The simultaneous temperature control on an external heated part of a PV module gives the means for determining the value of VO C at ambient temperature. Comparing it with that measured after switching OFF the load makes the calculation of ΔT possible. Calibration data on the VO C = f(T ) dependences for single-junction AlGaAs/GaAs and triple-junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge PV cells are presented. The temperature dynamics in the PV cells has been determined under flash illumination and during fast commutation of the load. Temperature measurements were taken in two cases: converting continuous laser power by single-junction cells and converting solar power by triple-junction cells operating in the concentrator modules.

Switching mode power amplifier for bluetooth applications

Modern fully integrated transceivers architectures, require circuits with low area, low cost, low power, and high efficiency. A key block in modern transceivers is the power amplifier, which is deeply studied in this thesis. First, we study the implementation of a classical Class-A amplifier, describing the basic operation of an RF power amplifier, and analysing the influence of the real models of the reactive components in its operation. Secondly, the Class-E amplifier is deeply studied. The different types of implementations are reviewed and theoretical equations are derived and compared with simulations. There were selected four modes of operation for the Class-E amplifier, in order to perform the implementation of the output stage, and the subsequent comparison of results. This led to the selection of the mode with the best trade-off between efficiency and harmonics distortion, lower power consumption and higher output power. The optimal choice was a parallel circuit containing an inductor with a finite value. To complete the implementation of the PA in switching mode, a driver was implemented. The final block (output stage together with the driver) got 20 % total efficiency (PAE) transmitting 8 dBm output power to a 50 W load with a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 3 % and a total consumption of 28 mW. All implementations are designed using standard 130 nm CMOS technology. The operating frequency is 2.4 GHz and it was considered an 1.2 V DC power supply. The proposed circuit is intended to be used in a Bluetooth transmitter, however, it has a wider range of applications.

Asymmetric stochastic switching driven by intrinsic molecular noise

Low-copy-number molecules are involved in many functions in cells. The intrinsic fluctuations of these numbers can enable stochastic switching between multiple steady states, inducing phenotypic variability. Herein we present a theoretical and computational study based on Master Equations and Fokker-Planck and Langevin descriptions of stochastic switching for a genetic circuit of autoactivation. We show that in this circuit the intrinsic fluctuations arising from low-copy numbers, which are inherently state-dependent, drive asymmetric switching. These theoretical results are consistent with experimental data that have been reported for the bistable system of the gallactose signaling network in yeast. Our study unravels that intrinsic fluctuations, while not required to describe bistability, are fundamental to understand stochastic switching and the dynamical relative stability of multiple states.

Asymmetric stochastic switching driven by intrinsic molecular noise

Low-copy-number molecules are involved in many functions in cells. The intrinsic fluctuations of these numbers can enable stochastic switching between multiple steady states, inducing phenotypic variability. Herein we present a theoretical and computational study based on Master Equations and Fokker-Planck and Langevin descriptions of stochastic switching for a genetic circuit of autoactivation. We show that in this circuit the intrinsic fluctuations arising from low-copy numbers, which are inherently state-dependent, drive asymmetric switching. These theoretical results are consistent with experimental data that have been reported for the bistable system of the gallactose signaling network in yeast. Our study unravels that intrinsic fluctuations, while not required to describe bistability, are fundamental to understand stochastic switching and the dynamical relative stability of multiple states.

New family of zero-current-switching PWM converter

A new family of dc-to-dc pulse-width-modulated (PWM) converters is presented. These converters feature soft-commutation at zero-current (ZC) in the active switches. The new ZCS-PWM Boost and new ZCS-PWM Zeta converters, both based on the new ZCS-PWM soft-commutation cell proposed, are used as examples to illustrate the operation of the new family of converters.

Switching-off in a minimal time a fitzhugh-nagumo system

This paper deals with a system that describes an electrical circuitcomposed by a linear system coupled to a nonlinear one involving a tunneldiode in a flush-and-fill circuit. One of the most comprehensive models for thiskind of circuits was introduced by R. Fitzhugh in 1961, when taking on carebiological tasks. The equation has in its phase plane only two periodic solutions,namely, the unstable singular point S0 and the stable cycle Γ. If the system isat rest on S0, the natural flow of orbits seeks to switch-on the process by going- as time goes by - toward its steady-state, Γ. By using suitable controls it ispossible to reverse such natural tendency going in a minimal time from Γ toS0, switching-off in this way the system. To achieve this goal it is mandatorya minimal enough strength on controls. These facts will be shown by means ofconsiderations on the null control sets in the process.

High-performance switching architectures for optical networks

The need for high bandwidth, due to the explosion of new multi\-media-oriented IP-based services, as well as increasing broadband access requirements is leading to the need of flexible and highly reconfigurable optical networks. While transmission bandwidth does not represent a limit due to the huge bandwidth provided by optical fibers and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology, the electronic switching nodes in the core of the network represent the bottleneck in terms of speed and capacity for the overall network. For this reason DWDM technology must be exploited not only for data transport but also for switching operations. In this Ph.D. thesis solutions for photonic packet switches, a flexible alternative with respect to circuit-switched optical networks are proposed. In particular solutions based on devices and components that are expected to mature in the near future are proposed, with the aim to limit the employment of complex components. The work presented here is the result of part of the research activities performed by the Networks Research Group at the Department of Electronics, Computer Science and Systems (DEIS) of the University of Bologna, Italy. In particular, the work on optical packet switching has been carried on within three relevant research projects: the e-Photon/ONe and e-Photon/ONe+ projects, funded by the European Union in the Sixth Framework Programme, and the national project OSATE funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Scientific Research. The rest of the work is organized as follows. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to network context and contention resolution in photonic packet switches. Chapter 2 presents different strategies for contention resolution in wavelength domain. Chapter 3 illustrates a possible implementation of one of the schemes proposed in chapter 2. Then, chapter 4 presents multi-fiber switches, which employ jointly wavelength and space domains to solve contention. Chapter 5 shows buffered switches, to solve contention in time domain besides wavelength domain. Finally chapter 6 presents a cost model to compare different switch architectures in terms of cost.

Synchronous Buck converter with Output Impedance Correction Circuit

This work is related to the improvement of the output impedance of the Buck converter by means of introducing an additional power path that virtually increases the output capacitance during transients. It is well known that in VRM applications, with wide load steps, voltage overshoots and undershoots may lead to undesired performance of the load. To solve this problem, high-bandwidth high-switching frequency power converters can be applied to reduce the transient time or a big output capacitor can be applied to reduce the output impedance. The first solution can degrade the efficiency by increasing switching losses of the MOSFETS, and the second solution is penalizing the cost and size of the output filter. The Output Impedance Correction Circuit (OICC), as presented here, is used to inject or extract a current n-1 times larger than the output capacitor current, thus virtually increasing n times the value of the output capacitance during the transients. This feature allows the usage of a low frequency Buck converter with smaller capacitor but satisfying the dynamic requirements.