Rock paintings and microorganisms: a new insight on Escoural cave

European cave art is of tremendous importance to understand the cultural traditions of the Upper Palaeolithic (35 000 – 10 000 BP) populations. Indeed, Prehistoric communities performed numerous cave paintings all over Western Europe. Understanding these artworks should provide a better knowledge of these early cultural aspects. Although numerous studies have been carried out to analyse the materials used by those communities, nothing has been done on the techniques’ palette of Escoural Cave’s representations. The present work aims at providing the very first data about the techniques and materials used by the Prehistoric to perform the cave paintings of Escoural (Alentejo, Portugal), and the microorganisms possibly endangering this unique parietal art. In situ observations coupled with an extensive micro-sampling and micro-destructive analyses allowed to characterize the coloured material and the way they were applied on the walls of the cave. Both red and black pigments present major composition’s disparities among the different paintings and drawings, supporting a more complex occupations’ chronology than what was earlier thought. The Palaeolithic paintings have suffered deterioration from environmental conditions and include chemical, mechanical and aesthetic alterations, possibly as a result of fungal activity. The standard techniques for biological assessments used in these contexts provided important insights on the diversity of the microbial population, though they have accuracy limitations. To understand the extent and viability of the existing microbiota, DNA quantification and biomarkers analyses, such as desidrogenase activity were performed and correlated with ergosterol amounts; RESUMO: A Arte Rupestre Europeia é de grande importância para compreender as tradições culturais da população do Paleolítico Superior (35 000 - 10 000 BP). De fato, as comunidades Pré-históricas realizaram inúmeras pinturas rupestres em toda a Europa Ocidental, sendo crucial compreender estas obras de forma a proporcionar um melhor conhecimento destes ancestrais aspectos culturais. Embora vários estudos tenham sido realizados para analisar os materiais utilizados por estas comunidades, nada foi efetuado sobre a técnica de execução das representações presentes na Gruta do Escoural. O presente trabalho visa fornecer os primeiros dados sobre as técnicas e materiais utilizados na Pré-História para executar as pinturas rupestres de Escoural (Alentejo, Portugal) bem como caracterização dos microorganismos possivelmente associados aos danos deste bem único. Observações in situ, juntamente com uma extensa micro-amostragem e análises micro-destrutivas permitiu caracterizar os pigmentos utilizados e a forma como eles foram aplicados nas paredes da caverna. Tanto os pigmentos vermelhos como os pretos apresentam composição distinta nas diversas pinturas e desenhos aí representados, apoiando a presença de diferentes ocupações contrariamente ao que se pensava até então. As pinturas Paleolíticas têm sofrido deterioração, devido às condições ambientais, nomeadamente alterações químicas, mecânicas e, possivelmente como resultado da atividade fúngica. As técnicas usualmente utilizadas para a avaliação de contaminação biológica fornecem informação importante sobre a diversidade da população microbiana, embora apresentem algumas limitações. Para entender a extensão e a viabilidade da microbiota existente, a quantificação de DNA e análise de biomarcadores como actividade de desidrogenases foram realizadas e correlacionadas com o conteúdo em ergosterol.

Cinquenta anos do Mini Cooper: uma viagem pelo tempo por meio da Ilustração

The use of images as a mean of human knowledge transmission dates from the earliest records of visual communication with the cave paintings. Throughout history, the communicating function remained and was extended for a variety of approaches, including illustration, which plays an important role by transmitting a content to be communicated on a creative and unique way. The advertising area relies largely on the communicative power of illustration, using it as a visual aid on different ways and medias. The advertising pieces aimed at the automotive sector – especially those developed by BMW for the Mini Cooper model – broadly employs illustrations to spread the word about the product and its attributes, seeking to communicate it using an original way. With a qualitative approach to the case study, this article analyzes the illustrations produced by the South African design studio Am I Collective as part of a video prepared by South African advertising agency Blackriver FC as a celebration campaign for the fifty years of vehicle Mini Cooper, celebrated on 2009, and it aims to identify the illustrations visuals and compositions used in the construction of the covered temporal panorama.

Big Data : análisis y estudio de la plataforma Hadoop

Desde el inicio de los tiempos el ser humano ha tenido la necesidad de comprender y analizar todo lo que nos rodea, para ello se ha valido de diferentes herramientas como las pinturas rupestres, la biblioteca de Alejandría, bastas colecciones de libros y actualmente una enorme cantidad de información informatizada. Todo esto siempre se ha almacenado, según la tecnología de la época lo permitía, con la esperanza de que fuera útil mediante su consulta y análisis. En la actualidad continúa ocurriendo lo mismo. Hasta hace unos años se ha realizado el análisis de información manualmente o mediante bases de datos relacionales. Ahora ha llegado el momento de una nueva tecnología, Big Data, con la cual se puede realizar el análisis de extensas cantidades de datos de todo tipo en tiempos relativamente pequeños. A lo largo de este libro, se estudiarán las características y ventajas de Big Data, además de realizar un estudio de la plataforma Hadoop. Esta es una plataforma basada en Java y puede realizar el análisis de grandes cantidades de datos de diferentes formatos y procedencias. Durante la lectura de estas páginas se irá dotando al lector de los conocimientos previos necesarios para su mejor comprensión, así como de ubicarle temporalmente en el desarrollo de este concepto, de su uso, las previsiones y la evolución y desarrollo que se prevé tenga en los próximos años. ABSTRACT. Since the beginning of time, human being was in need of understanding and analyzing everything around him. In order to do that, he used different media as cave paintings, Alexandria library, big amount of book collections and nowadays massive amount of computerized information. All this information was stored, depending on the age and technology capability, with the expectation of being useful though it consulting and analysis. Nowadays they keep doing the same. In the last years, they have been processing the information manually or using relational databases. Now it is time for a new technology, Big Data, which is able to analyze huge amount of data in a, relatively, small time. Along this book, characteristics and advantages of Big Data will be detailed, so as an introduction to Hadoop platform. This platform is based on Java and can perform the analysis of massive amount of data in different formats and coming from different sources. During this reading, the reader will be provided with the prior knowledge needed to it understanding, so as the temporal location, uses, forecast, evolution and growth in the next years.

La caverne de Font-de-Gaume aux Eyzies (Dordogne)

Mode of access: Internet.

Measures: Monastery for an Atomic Priesthood; Hanford, WA

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

The troglobitic armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus (Loricariidae, Ancistrinae) is known from four caves in the São Domingos karst area, upper rio Tocantins basin, Central Brazil. These populations differ in general body shape and degree of reduction of eyes and of pigmentation. The small Passa Três population (around 1,000 individuals) presents the most reduced eyes, which are not externally visible in adults. A small group of Passa Três catfish, one male and three females, reproduced spontaneously thrice in laboratory, at the end of summertime in 2000, 2003 and 2004. Herein we describe the reproductive behavior during the 2003 event, as well as the early development of the 2003 and 2004 offsprings, with focus on body growth and ontogenetic regression of eyes. The parental care by the male, which includes defense of the rock shelter where the egg clutch is laid, cleaning and oxygenation of eggs, is typical of many loricariids. On the other hand, the slow development, including delayed eye degeneration, low body growth rates and high estimated longevity (15 years or more) are characteristic of precocial, or K-selected, life cycles. In the absence of comparable data for close epigean relatives (Ancistrus spp.), it is not possible to establish whether these features are an autapomorphic specialization of the troglobitic A. cryptophthalmus or a plesiomorphic trait already present in the epigean ancestor, possibly favoring the adoption of the life in the food-poor cave environment. We briefly discuss the current hypotheses on eye regression in troglobitic vertebrates.

A cave population of Isbrueckerichthys alipionis (Gosline, 1947) in the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

A cave population of the armored catfish Isbrueckerichthys alipionis is reported from the Santana Cave, in the rio Betari watershed, Upper Ribeira karst area, Iporanga, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. The cave population was compared to an epigean population of I. alipionis and no significant differences where found in morphology or degree of pigmentation. As the cave population is known for at least 30 years and is apparently isolated from epigean streams, it is classified as troglophilic. The discovery of this troglophilic species in the Santana Cave is an additional strong argument for the conservation of that cave.

Study of mural paintings by Fulvio Pennacchi in São Paulo City by mineralogical techniques

The present research deals with two mural paintings made in 1947 with the fresco technique by Fulvio Pennacchi in the Catholic Chapel of the Hospital das Clínicas (São Paulo City, Brazil), namely the Virgin Annunciation and the Supper at Emmaus. This study regards the materials and painting techniques used by the artist, based on historical research,on in situ observations and laboratory analytical techniques (stereomicroscopy,scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffractometry, electron microprobe, images obtained with UV-light), aiming to improve the methods of characterization of objects of our cultural heritage, and to enhance its preservation accordingly. The results lead to the identification of the plaster components and of distinct layers in the frescoes, besides further information on grain size, impurities and textures, composition of pigments, and features of deterioration, such as efflorescences. The degree of degradation of the murals painting was assessed by this way. Our data suggest that a single layer of plaster was used by Pennacchi, as a common mortar with fine- and medium-grained aggregates. Differences in texture were obtained by adding gypsum to the plaster.

Chetoneura shennonggongensis, a new species of cave-dwelling Keroplatini from China (Diptera : Keroplatidae), with a discussion of the position of Chetoneura

Chetoneura shennonggongensis Amorim & Niu, sp. n., inhabiting caves in East China, is described based on the adult male and female, plus larva. Chetoneura Colless, previously associated with Orfelia and known from a single species from caves in Malaysia, is formally transferred to the Keroplatini. This is the first description of the larva and of the general biology of the genus. The larva of this new species is suspended in a roughly horizontal hammock of silken threads amidst mucous coated snare threads from the roof of caves, but is not bioluminescent as some species of other genera in Keroplatidae ( e. g., Arachnocampa, Keroplatus, and Orfelia). A key to separate both species of the genus is provided. The position of the genus within the Keroplatini is considered. Chetoneura is considered to be closely related to a clade containing Heteropterna and Ctenoceridion.

Early-Mid Holocene climatic variations in Tasmania, Australia: multi-proxy records in a stalagmite from Lynds Cave

Mass spectrometric uranium-series dating and C-O isotopic analysis of a stalagmite from Lynds Cave, northern Tasmania, Australia provide a high-resolution record of regional climate change between 5100 and 9200 yr before present (BP). Combined delta(18)O, delta(13)C, growth rate, initial U-234/U-238 and physical property (color, transparency and porosity) records allow recognition of seven climatic stages: Stage I ( > 9080 yr BP) - a relatively dry period at the beginning of stalagmite growth evidenced by elevated U-234/U-238; Stage II (9080-8600 yr BP) - a period of unstable climate characterized by high-frequency variability in temperature and bio-productivity; Stage 111 (8600-8000 yr BP) - a period of stable and moderate precipitation and stable and high bio-productivity, with a continuously rising temperature; Stage IV (8000-7400 yr BP) - the warmest period with high evaporation and low effective precipitation (rainfall less evaporation); Stage V (7400-7000 yr BP) - the wettest period with highest stalagmite growth and enhanced but unstable bio-productivity; Stage VI (7000-6600 yr BP) - a period with a significantly reduced precipitation and bio-productivity without noticeable change in temperature; Stage VII (6600-5100 yr BP) - a period of lowest temperature and precipitation marking a significant climatic deterioration. Overall, the records suggest that the warmest climate occurred between 8000 and 7400 yr BP, followed by a wettest period between 7400 and 7000 yr BP. These are broadly correlated with the so-called 'Mid Holocene optimum' previously proposed using pollen and lake level records. However, the timing and resolution of the speleothem. record from Lynds Cave are significantly higher than in both the pollen and lake level records. This allows us to correlate the abrupt change in physical property, delta(18)O, delta(13)C, growth rate, and initial U-234/U-238 of the stalagmite at similar to8000 yr BP with a global climatic event at Early-Mid Holocene transition. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Predicting cave initiation and propagation

The most widely used method for predicting the onset of continuous caving is Laubscher's caving chart. A detailed examination of this method was undertaken which concluded that it had limitations which may impact on results, particularly when dealing with stronger rock masses that are outside current experience. These limitations relate to inadequate guidelines for adjustment factors to rock mass rating (RMR), concerns about the position on the chart of critical case history data, undocumented changes to the method and an inadequate number of data points to be confident of stability boundaries. A review was undertaken on the application and reliability of a numerical method of assessing cavability. The review highlighted a number of issues, which at this stage, make numerical continuum methods problematic for predicting cavability. This is in particular reference to sensitivity to input parameters that are difficult to determine accurately and mesh dependency. An extended version of the Mathews method for open stope design was developed as an alternative method of predicting the onset of continuous caving. A number of caving case histories were collected and analyzed and a caving boundary delineated statistically on the Mathews stability graph. The definition of the caving boundary was aided by the existence of a large and wide-ranging stability database from non-caving mines. A caving rate model was extrapolated from the extended Mathews stability graph but could only be partially validated due to a lack of reliable data.

Spectroscopy studies on conservation issues in modern and contemporary paintings

Dissertation presented to the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of New University of Lisbon in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master’s degree in Conservation and Restoration Specialization in easel painting

Lighting conditions and optical filters effects on visual performance of speleologists exposed to cave environments

The aim of this study is to evaluate lighting conditions and speleologists’ visual performance using optical filters when exposed to the lighting conditions of cave environments. A crosssectional study was conducted. Twenty-three speleologists were submitted to an evaluation of visual function in a clinical lab. An examination of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and flashlight illuminance levels was also performed in 16 of the 23 speleologists at two caves deprived of natural lightning. Two organic filters (450 nm and 550 nm) were used to compare visual function with and without filters. The mean age of the speleologists was 40.65 (± 10.93) years. We detected 26.1% participants with visual impairment of which refractive error (17.4%) was the major cause. In the cave environment the majority of the speleologists used a head flashlight with a mean illuminance of 451.0 ± 305.7 lux. Binocular visual acuity (BVA) was -0.05 ± 0.15 LogMAR (20/18). BVA for distance without filter was not statistically different from BVA with 550 nm or 450 nm filters (p = 0.093). Significant improved contrast sensitivity was observed with 450 nm filters for 6 cpd (p = 0.034) and 18 cpd (p = 0.026) spatial frequencies. There were no signs and symptoms of visual pathologies related to cave exposure. Illuminance levels were adequate to the majority of the activities performed. The enhancement in contrast sensitivity with filters could potentially improve tasks related with the activities performed in the cave.