Rhodococcus qingshengii sp nov., a carbendazim-degrading bacterium

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, mesophilic strain, djl-6(T), able to degrade carbendazim, was isolated from a carbendazim-contaminated soil sample from Jiangsu province, China. The taxonomic position of this isolate was analysed by using a polyphasic approach. Chemotaxonomic analysis including peptidoglycan type, diagnostic sugar composition, fatty acid profile, menaquinones, polar lipids and mycolic acids showed that the characteristics of strain djl-6(T) were in good agreement with those of the genus Rhodococcus. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that it had low genomic relatedness with Rhodococcus baikonurensis DSM 44587(T) (31.8%), Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 43066(T) (23.8%) and Rhodococcus globerulus DSM 43954(T) (117.7%), the three type strains to which strain djl-6(T) was most closely related based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (99.78, 99.25 and 98.91% similarity, respectively). Based on the phenotypic properties and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain djl-6(T) (=CGMCC 1.6580(T) =KCTC 19205(T)) is proposed as the type strain of a novel Rhodococcus species, Rhodococcus qingshengii sp. nov.

The influence of different artificial soil types on the acute toxicity of carbendazim to the earthworm Eisenia fetida in laboratory toxicity tests

Field populations of earthworms have shown a varied response in mortality to the fungicide carbendazim, the toxic reference substance used in agrochemical field trials. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of soil conditions as a potential cause of this variation. Laboratory acute toxicity tests were conducted using a range of artificial soils with varying soil components (organic matter, clay, pH and moisture). Batch adsorption/desorption studies were run to determine the influence of the soil properties on carbendazim behaviour. Adsorption was shown to be correlated with organic matter content and pH and this in turn could be linked to Eisenia fetida mortality, with lower mortality occurring with increased adsorption. Overall while E.fetida mortality did vary significantly between several of the soils the calculated LC50 values in the different soils did not cover a wide range (6.04-16.00 mg kg(-1)), showing that under these laboratory conditions soil components did not greatly influence carbendazim toxicity to E.fietida. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

The soil-dwelling earthworm Allolobophora chlorotica modifies its burrowing behaviour in response to carbendazim applications

Carbendazim-amended soil was placed above or below unamended soil. Control tests comprised two layers of unamended soil. Allolobophora chlorotica earthworms were added to either the upper or the unamended soil. After 72 h vertical distributions of earthworms were compared between control and carbendazim-amended experiments. Earthworm distributions in the carbendazim-amended test containers differed significantly from the ‘normal’ distribution observed in the control tests. In the majority of the experiments, earthworms significantly altered their burrowing behaviour to avoid carbendazim. However, when earthworms were added to an upper layer of carbendazim-amended soil they remained in this layer. This non-avoidance is attributed to (1) the earthworms’ inability to sense the lower layer of unamended soil and (2) the toxic effect of carbendazim inhibiting burrowing. Earthworms modified their burrowing behaviour in response to carbendazim in the soil. This may explain anomalous results observed in pesticide field trials when carbendazim is used as a control substance.

Determining the influence of rainfall patterns and carbendazim on the surface activity of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

Carbendazim is highly toxic to earthworms and is used as a standard control substance when running field-based trials of pesticides, but results using carbendazim are highly variable. In the present study, impacts of timing of rainfall events following carbendazim application on earthworms were investigated. Lumbricus terrestris were maintained in soil columns to which carbendazim and then deionized water (a rainfall substitute) were applied. Carbendazim was applied at 4 kg/ha, the rate recommended in pesticide field trials. Three rainfall regimes were investigated: initial and delayed heavy rainfall 24 h and 6 d after carbendazim application, and frequent rainfall every 48 h. Earthworm mortality and movement of carbendazim through the soil was assessed 14 d after carbendazim application. No detectable movement of carbendazim occurred through the soil in any of the treatments or controls. Mortality in the initial heavy and frequent rainfall was significantly higher (approximately 55%) than in the delayed rainfall treatment (approximately 25%). This was due to reduced bioavailability of carbendazim in the latter treatment due to a prolonged period of sorption of carbendazim to soil particles before rainfall events. The impact of carbendazim application on earthworm surface activity was assessed using video cameras. Carbendazim applications significantly reduced surface activity due to avoidance behavior of the earthworms. Surface activity reductions were least in the delayed rainfall treatment due to the reduced bioavailability of the carbendazim. The nature of rainfall events' impacts on the response of earthworms to carbendazim applications, and details of rainfall events preceding and following applications during field trials should be made at a higher level of resolution than is currently practiced according to standard International Organization for Standardization protocols.

Electroanalytical determination of carbendazim and fenamiphos in natural waters using a diamond electrode

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Polymeric and solid lipid nanoparticles for sustained release of carbendazim and tebuconazole in agricultural applications

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Carbendazim e modelos de biomembrana via filmes de Langmuir e Layer-by-Layer: mecanismos de interação e desenvolvimento de sensores

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise por CLAE para determinação da biodegradabilidade do fungicida carbendazim em meio de cultura líquido.

Uma vez que as técnicas cromatográficas permitem a separação, quantificação e identificação dos compostos organicos parentais e dos produtos de degradação e, considerando-se que a maioria dos fungicidas benzimidazois absorvem fortemente a luz ultra-violeta, testou-se o método de Cromatografia Liquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), para quantificar a biodegradabilidade do fungicida carbendazim. Neste experimento foi utilizada uma linhagem de Alternaria alternata isolada de solos agrícolas suplementados com benomil. Os frascos com os microorganismos crescidos foram repicados para frascos contendo meios de cultura batata-dextrose (50%) + carbendazim (100mg/ml). Estes foram incubados sob agitacao a 28oC mais ou menos 1oC por períodos de 2,4,7,15 e 30 dias. Apos extração e purificação das amostras procedeu-se a analise cromatográfica. Para tanto utilizou-se uma coluna de troca cationica nas seguintes condições: temperatura da coluna: 40oC, fase móvel: fosfato de amônio 0,0125M com fluxo de 0,2ml por minuto e detector de absorbância operando a 280nm. Sob estas condições, o tempo de retenção de carbendazim e 2 amino-benzimidazol foi de aproximadamente 4,5 e 6,3 minutos, respectivamente. A quantificação foi feita utilizando-se regressão linear de curvas de calibração obtidas em soluções padrões de carbendazim versus a resposta (altura ou área do pico), obtida no cromatograma. A confirmação da identidade do pico com alto grau de confiança foi possível pela comparação do tempo de retenção e o espectro de absorbância em ultra-violeta do carbendazim. Este espectro, em diferentes condições de cultivo de A alternata, indicou índices de similaridade da molécula variando de 0,99 a 1 entre as diferentes amostras. Por este método foram obtidas recuperações acima de 70% da concentração inicial de carbendazim. A degradação de carbendazim foi de 66,4% aos dois dias de incubação.

Timing of fungicide applications for control of husk spot caused by Pseudocercospora macadamiae in macadamia

Pseudocercospora macadamiae is an important pathogen of macadamia in Australia, causing a disease known as husk spot. Growers strive to control the disease with a number of carbendazim and copper treatments. The aim of this study was to consider the macadamia fruit developmental stage at which fungicide application is most effective against husk spot, and whether application of copper-only applications at full-size fruit developmental stage toward the end of the season contributed to effective disease control. Fungicides were applied to macadamia trees at four developmental stages in three orchards in two subsequent production seasons. The effects of the treatments on disease incidence and severity were quantified using area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and logistic regression models. Although disease incidence varied between cultivars, incidence and severity on cv. A16 showed consistent differences between the treatments. Most significant reduction in husk spot incidence occurred when spraying commenced at match-head sized-fruit developmental stage. All treatments significantly reduced husk spot incidence and severity compared with the untreated controls, and a significant positive linear relationship (R2 = 73%) between AUDPC and severity showed that timing of the first fungicide application is important for effective disease control. Application of fungicide at full-size fruit stage reduced disease incidence but had no impact on premature fruit drop.

Alternative fungicides for controlling husk spot caused by Pseudocercospora macadamiae in macadamia

Husk spot, caused by Pseudocercospora macadamiae is a major fungal disease of macadamia in Australia. Chemicals to control the disease are limited and frequent failure to control the disease is a major concern to growers. The overall goal of this research was to improve the chemical control strategy of P. macadamiae through the provision of fungicides with different modes of action to carbendazim, which is the current industry standard. Husk spot incidence, premature fruit abscission, kernel quality and yield were evaluated following application of different fungicide products in replicated field experiments at three different sites. Results showed significant differences in disease incidence and premature fruit abscission between fungicide treatments, field sites and years. Generally, disease incidence and premature fruit abscission on trees treated with fungicide were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the untreated control. Pyraclostrobin conferred significantly better protection than trifloxystrobin, reducing disease severity by 70% compared with a 50% reduction by trifloxystrobin. The pyraclostrobin treatment had a similar efficacy to the current industry standard (70% reduction cf. 73% reduction by tank-mixed carbendazim and copper). Higher amounts of immature kernels occurred in the untreated control, followed by difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin. Diseased fruit accounted for 78% of premature fruit abscission, which indicates that husk spot enhances fruit abscission in macadamia. Our results suggest that pyraclostrobin provided similar efficacy to the industry standard and could, therefore, play a key role in the management of husk spot.

Integrated disease management of stem end rot of mango in the Southern Philippines

This research aimed to develop and evaluate pre- and postharvest management strategies to reduce stem end rot (SER) incidence and extend saleable life of 'Carabao' mango fruits in Southern Philippines. Preharvest management focused on the development and improvement of fungicide spray program, while postharvest management aimed to develop alternative interventions aside from hot water treatment (HWT). Field evaluation of systemic fungicides, namely azoxystrobin ( Amistar 25SC), tebuconazole ( Folicur 25WP), carbendazim ( Goldazim 500SC), difenoconazole ( Score 250SC) and azoxystrobin+difenoconazole ( Amistar Top), reduced blossom blight severity and improved fruit setting and retention, resulting in higher fruit yield but failed to sufficiently suppress SER incidence. Based on these findings, an improved fungicide spray program was developed taking into account the infection process of SER pathogens and fungicide resistance. Timely application of protectant (mancozeb) and systemic fungicides (azoxystrobin, carbendazim and difenoconazole) during the most critical stages of mango flower and fruit development ensured higher harvestable fruit yield and minimally lowered SER incidence. Control of SER was also achieved by employing postharvest treatment such as HWT (52-55°C for 10 min), which significantly prolonged the saleable life of mango fruits. However, extended hot water treatment (EHWT; 46°C pulp temperature for 15 min), rapid heat treatment (RHT; 59°C for 30-60 sec), fungicide dip and promising biological control agents failed to satisfactorily reduce SER and prolong saleable life. In contrast, the integration of the improved spray program as preharvest management practice, and postharvest treatments such as HWT and fungicide dips (azoxystrobin, 150-175 ppm; carbendazim, 312.5 ppm; and tebuconazole, 125-156 ppm), significantly reduced disease and extended marketable life for utmost 8 days.

Determinación del número de aplicaciones de fungicida e insecticida para el manejo de plagas y enfermedades en etapa vegetativa en el cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en época de postrera 2006, en la finca experimental El Plantel, propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), ubicada en el km 42 carretera Tipitapa Masaya. Con el objetivo de generar conocimientos que contribuyan al manejo apropiado de plagas y enfermedades y acerca del efecto del número aplicaciones de fungicida e insecticida para manejo de las mismas y el efecto de estas sobre el rendimiento del grano de sorgo en el híbrido H 89-96 . El diseño experimental utilizado fue bloques completo al azar (B. C.A) con cuatro tratamientos e igual número de repeticiones. Los tratamientos e igual número de repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron : TI(Una aplicación de cypermetrina + una aplicación de caberdazim) T2 (Tres aplicaciones de cypermetrina + dos aplicaciones de carbedazim) , T3 ( Tres aplicaciones de cypermetrina + tres aplicaciones de cabendazim) y el testigo a T4 (cero aplicaciones) Los tratamientos fueron aplicados cuando los umbrales establecidos para cada variable fueron alcanzados. Las variable evaluado fueron daño por cogollero, incidencia de enfermedades vasculares, severidad de enfermedades foliares, incidencia de mohos de la panoja y rendimiento . Se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias por S.N.K. con unα= 0.05-Los muestreos se realizaron cada semana iniciando a los 20 días después de la siembra (dds) hasta la cosecha . Se seleccionaron cinco sitios al azar en cada tratamiento y se registraron las variables antes mencionadas. Para el daño fresco por cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda. J.E. Smith) el análisis estadísticos no mostró diferencia significativas entre los diferentes fechas de muestreo para algunas; el T4 (Testigo) fue el más afectado en cuanto a la severidad e incidencia de plagas y enfermedades. El análisis de varianza realizado para la variable de rendimiento indica que los tratamientos evaluados no presentaron diferencia estadísticas en el rendimiento del grano. En este caso el tratamiento más rentable no es el que tiene la media más alta, pues todas las medias en sentido estricto con las mismas, sino, aquel que tenga los costos más bajo , siendo en este el tratamiento uno (Una aplicación de cypernettrina + una aplicación de carbendazim).

Influencia de dos tipos de sustratos y tres tipos de desinfecciòn en el crecimiento y calidad de plantas de pinusoocarpa (Shiede) producidas en un vivero de San Fernando Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua

La finca forestal San Nicolás está ubicada en el municipio de San Fernando, departamento de Nueva Segovia, a 267 kilómetros de Managua. En dicha finca se realizó el presente estudio durante los meses de abril a julio del año dos mil trece, con el objetivo de evaluar la influencia de dos tipos de sustratos y tres tipos de desinfección en el crecimiento y calidad de plantas de plantas de Pinus oocarpa Schiede, producidas en vivero. En dicho estudio se trabajó con suelo de dos localidades diferentes Macuelizo y San Nicolás, suelo del bosque de pinares con el fin de garantizar las micorrizas. Ambos suelos se trabajaron como un solo ensayo experimental, pero sin hacer comparaciones. El diseño de campo utilizado fue de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticion es, evaluando do sustratos como factor A y cuatro niveles de desinfección del sustrato como factor B. Los sustratos utilizados fueron mezcla de 70% suelo- 30% arena y 100% suelo; la desinfección consistió en: desinfección biológica con Trichoderma, desinfección química con Carbendazim, desinfección con cal, usada artesanalmente en Nicaragua para desinfección de suelo y el testigo al cual no se aplicó desinfección. Las variables evaluadas fueron: sobrevivencia, crecimiento en altura, diámetro, síntomas de enfermedades,peso húmedo de la parte aérea y radicular, peso seco de la parte aérea y radicular. Para evaluar la calidad de la planta se calcularon los índices: relación parte aérea y parte radical, índice de esbeltez, índice de calidad, índice de lignificación y un análisis estadístico. Los índices calculados muestran que los mejores resultados se obtuvieron del sustrato 70% suelo-30% arena en ambas localidades.