Agentes polinizadores e produção de grãos em cultura de café arábica cv. “Catuaí Vermelho”

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants had the pollination process of their flowers studied in three coffee producing regions in Brazil: the first in Ribeirao Preto, state of São Paulo, in September of 2004, the second in Carmo do Paraiba, in the state of Minas Gerais, in October of 2006, and, the third, in Altinopolis, state of São Paulo, in September of 2007. In all these locations the coffee variety used was the 'Catuai Vermelho'. The pollinator species visiting the flowers, the frequency with which the flowers were visited by the insects, and the type of material collected by them ( nectar and/or pollen) were determined by counts taking place at the first 10 minutes of each hour from 7:00 AM till 6:00 PM during the months mentioned above. To estimate the fructification percentage, 25 branches were identified with color threads and protected with wire frames covered with a nylon fabric to prevent them from being visited by insects. Another group of 25 branches was similarly identified but remained without any covering so that their flowers were thus freely visited by insects. on the average, the most frequent pollinator was the Africanized bee Apis mellifera (73.7%) followed by the bee Trigona spinipes (14.5%), and Tetragonisca angustula (9.5%). The Africanized bee collected nectar and pollen to almost the same extent: 58.5% of the first and 41.5% of the second. To collect nectar, that species increased its visiting frequency up to 1:00 PM. To collect pollen, A. mellifera visited the flowers up to 1:00 PM with frequency peaks between 8:00 and 9:00 AM. T. spinipes collected pollen (58,5%) and nectar (41.5%). T. angustula collected only pollen. The branches freely visited by insects produced 181 grains on the average whereas those covered with the nylon fabric produced only 81 grains, this meaning a reduction of 55.25% in grain production. Coffee grains produced on the freely visited branches had a mean weight (1.13 g) significantly superior to that of those produced on the covered branches (0.94 g).

Eficácia do teste de acidez graxa na avaliação da qualidade do café Arábica (Coffea arabica L.) submetido a diferente períodos e temperaturas de secagem

This work had the aim of evaluating the effect of different temperatures and pre-drying periods on yard on the chemical composition and quality of the beverage of peeled cherry coffee. Temperatures of 40 degrees C, 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C were used in the mass with air flow of 20m(3)m(-1)m(2). After drying, the visible defects of the coffee samples were removed. For evaluation of quality, the following analyses were performed: sensorial analyses, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, electrical conductivity, potassium leaching and fatty acidity. One verified that lower drying temperature and greater pre-drying period had contributed for the attainment of a better quality drink. The increase of temperature and pre-drying periods decreased the non-reducing sugars content while the values of reducing sugars increased. The electrical conductivity, potassium leaching and fatty acidity increased significantly with the rise of temperature and potassium leaching reduced with increasing of the pre-drying period. The fatty acidity test showed to be sensible to the drying temperature.

Métodos de interpolação para estimar o ph em solo sob dois manejos de café Arábica

There are many methods used to estimate values in places no sampled for construction of contours maps. The aim of this study was to use the methods of interpolation kriging, inverse of the square of the distance and polynomial in the representation of the spatial variability of the pH of the soil in the organic and conventional management in the culture of the coffee plantation. For that, irregular meshes were built for soil sampling in the depth of 0-0,10 meters, totaling 40 points sampling in each area. For gauging of the interpolation methods they were solitary 10% of the total of points, for each area. Initially, the data were appraised through the classic statistics (descriptive and exploratory) and spatial analysis. The method inverse square of the distance and kriging has low error in estimating dados. The method of kriging presented low variation around the average in different managements.

Variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos do solo cultivado com café arábica (Coffea arabica L.) sob diferentes manejos

The objective of this work was to assess the spatial variability of the chemical attributes of two coffee areas, managed in conventional and organic crop systems, and to calculate the percent of variation between them. In each area, a 40-point-mesh was sampled at 0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m layers, within the crown projection, for pH, SB, K, P, Ca and Mg analysis. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and geostatistics. From the soil chemical attributes map, the percent of variation between the systems' chemical attributes was determined by GIS algebraic operations. The results show that the soil chemical attributes present a spatial dependence in both systems and layers. Analysis of the soil chemical attributes showed less spatial variability in the organic system, in relation to the conventional, indicating homogeneous zones for different fertilizer applications. The percent of variation of the chemical attributes in the conventional system, in relation to the organic, at 0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20m layers are 54.80% and 35.61%, respectively.

Modelo agrometeorológico na estimativa da produtividade de duas variedades de café arábica considerando a variabilidade espacial

The purpose of this study was to estimate the varieties of coffee Arabic Catucáand Catuaí productivity, in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, through agrometeorological mathematical models, considering the spatial variability of productivity in the area. The samplings were georrefered building an irregular grid, totalizing 50 samplings per area. After that, geostatic analysis was made to quantify spatial dependence degree of the real values and the estimated productivity. According to the classification, the models superestimated the productivity for the two varieties.

Manejo da irrigação por gotejamento na cultura do café arábica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Aplicação de água ozonizada como agente sanitizante durante o processamento de café arábica

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Qualidade e alterações estruturais do café arábica submetido a alternância da temperatura na secagem

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Efeito do processo de descafeinação de café arábica em meio aquoso auxiliado por ultrassom sobre a composição química e o perfil sensorial

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Uma análise da gestão de risco de preço por parte dos produtores de café arábica no Brasil

Os mercados futuros possuem uso restrito entre os cafeicultores brasileiros, o que, de certa maneira, não condiz com as altas razões ótimas de hedge obtidas nos modelos de mínima variância. Os motivos para esta baixa utilização estão associados às características do produtor e de seu negócio, preferências em relação ao modelo de administração de risco da atividade e questões comportamentais. Diante disso, o presente estudo buscou verificar quais fatores interferem na decisão de uso destes derivativos entre os cafeicultores brasileiros. Em uma primeira etapa, foram calculadas razões ótimas de hedge, de acordo com Myers e Thompson (1989), para os mercados da BM&FBOVESPA e ICE Futures. Tais razões apresentaram valores superiores a 50%. Em uma segunda etapa, a partir da aplicação de 373 questionários, observou-se que 12,9% da amostra declara conhecer e utilizar futuros, sendo que, na média, a razão de hedge adotada esteve abaixo de 50%. Em uma terceira etapa, a partir de um modelo logit, concluiu-se que os fatores que influenciaram o uso dos contratos foram grau de aversão ao risco de preço, tamanho da produção, nível de conhecimento sobre derivativos e dimensão pela qual se entende que tais instrumentos levam à maior estabilidade da receita da atividade.

Beneficiamento de sementes de café e efeitos na qualidade física

A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de uso da máquina de pré-limpeza, da máquina de limpeza e classificação (ventiladores e peneiras) e da mesa densimétrica para o beneficiamento de sementes de café e, paralelamente, avaliar seus efeitos na qualidade física do lote. Para essa finalidade, um lote de sementes de café arábica 'Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62' foi submetido ao beneficiamento nesses três equipamentos, em diversas combinações. As frações retidas pelas peneiras 22/64 e 20/64 avos de polegada, na máquina de ventiladores e peneiras, constituíram a maior parte do lote e foram processadas, separadamente, em mesa densimétrica. Foram realizadas avaliações de pureza física, massa de mil sementes, peso hectolítrico, teor de água, tipos de sementes predominantes e integridade do endocarpo. Observou-se que: a) A máquina de pré-limpeza, a máquina de ventiladores e peneiras e a mesa densimétrica foram eficientes para a homogeneização do lote de sementes de café, proporcionando obtenção de melhor qualidade física na seqüência operacional em que foram utilizadas de forma conjugada; b) O uso de peneiras com crivos oblongos e crivos circulares, intercaladas na máquina de ventiladores e peneiras, possibilitou a separação de sementes mocas, de sementes com resíduos de exocarpo aderidos ao endocarpo e de sementes desprovidas de endocarpo, melhorando a aparência do lote; c) A mesa densimétrica foi o equipamento que proporcionou melhor separação de sementes com endocarpo danificado, bem como alterações favoráveis à qualidade física do lote; d) As sementes pequenas, retidas nas menores peneiras da máquina de ventiladores e peneiras, e as sementes de menor massa específica, classificadas ou não por tamanho e coletadas na descarga inferior da mesa densimétrica, foram as de baixa qualidade física.

Beneficiamento de sementes de café e efeitos na qualidade fisiológica

Considerando-se a escassez de informações sobre o beneficiamento mecanizado de sementes de café, realizou-se este trabalho para estudar seus efeitos na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de café arábica. Um lote de sementes de 'Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62' foi submetido à ação de máquina de pré-limpeza, máquina de ventiladores e peneiras e mesa densimétrica, em diversas combinações, e as sementes foram avaliadas quanto à germinação e ao vigor (envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas, altura e massa de matéria seca de plântulas e mudas). O teor de água das sementes também foi determinado. Utilizou-se o delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e o teste de Tukey a 5% para comparação de médias. Concluiu-se que: a) a qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi aprimorada à medida que o lote passou por equipamentos específicos no beneficiamento, culminando com a melhor qualidade na seqüência operacional em que o lote foi submetido à ação da máquina de ventiladores e peneiras e mesa densimétrica; b) a mesa densimétrica, associada à máquina de ventiladores e peneiras, foi o equipamento que proporcionou a melhor separação de materiais que interferem negativamente na qualidade fisiológica das sementes; c) as sementes maiores e/ou mais pesadas tiveram qualidade fisiológica superior, e as sementes mocas graúdas, qualidade fisiológica similar à das sementes chatas graúdas; d) o descarte das frações do lote constituídas por sementes pequenas ou de menor densidade possibilitou a obtenção de lotes homogêneos e com alta qualidade fisiológica, favorecendo a obtenção de mudas mais vigorosas.

Ocorrência de plantas daninhas em cultivo consorciado de café e nogueira-macadâmia

Arborization can benefit coffee plantations by reducing the wind speed and temperature variation in the crop. It is also possible that the incident radiation can affect the weed populations and reduce the need for their control. This study aimed at assessing the weeds population and distribution, in arabica coffee intercropped with three macadamia cultivars, six years after planting, in Dois Córregos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Treatments consisted of a 3x3+1 factorial scheme, i.e., coffee intercropped with three macadamia cultivars (HAES 816, IAC 4-20 and IAC 9-20) and three sampling positions of weeds in the intercropping (in the macadamia tree canopy projection, among the macadamia tree canopies projections and in the single rows), plus an additional treatment (sole coffee). The weeds incidence and control, as well as their phytosociological characterization, were evaluated. For coffee intercropped with macadamia, the weeds occurrence and number of species were smaller than for sole coffee. For the projection in the canopy and among canopies of macadamia trees, there was an average decrease of 82% in the occurrence of weeds, in comparison with the sole coffee. The IAC 9-20 cultivar was more efficient in reducing the occurrence of weeds, when intercropped with coffee, for presenting a taller canopy, with a larger diameter.

Análise multivariada na diferenciaçãoentre manejos de solos cultivados com café

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização da fração de óleo de café extraido de grãos sadios, verdes e preto-verdes, e a influência na adição deste na sensorial de café liofilizado

The application of roasted coffee oil directly on freeze dried soluble coffee is used to minimize the formation of fine poder which adhere on the glass packaging, which results in a negative visual appearance, as well as contributes to the aromatic impact when opening the packaging. The coffee oil is considered a high cost product obtained from Arabica coffee beans, previosly selected and roasted, by mechanical press. In Brazil the coffee culture and marketing results in the selection of the beans by type of defects and beverage, the volume of exportation works with types of coffee beans with low quantity of defects resulting in a large volume of defective coffee beans trading on the domestic market. Nevertheless, coffees which present defective grains like green, black-green beans present differences in the final flavor of the roasted coffees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the oils extracted from grains classified as normal, green and black-green, at natural and roasted conditions. The oil was obtained by cold extraction using solvents of different polarities, and yield was calculated as well as its fatty acid composition. The oil of the roasted defective coffee grains was also used to prepare drinks of lyophilized soluble coffee in order to verify if jugdes were able to differenciate the sensory caracteristics of the beverages, in comparison to the product prepared using commercial oil obtained by mechanical pressing. Samples of oil obtained from defective grains showed similar extraction yields compared to hot extraction. Cromatographs of oils of the deffective grains did not showed differences compared to normal grains. In relation to the sensory analysis of the soluble coffee beverages, it was verified that when applying oils of light roasted black-green beans or oils of medium and dark roasted green beans obtained with rapid process, judges had more difficulties to distinguish differences between samples. Economic viability demonstrated that with the actual prices of the coffee beans, the use of defective beans could reduce in 64% the costs of the raw beans.