Silica Materials Doped with Bifunctional Ionic Liquid Extractant for Yttrium Extraction

Two new silica-based organic-inorganic hybrid materials (B104SGs and O104SGs) doped with a binary mixture of imidazolium and phosphonium ionic liquids have been synthesized and used as sorbents in batch system for rare earths (RE) separation. Imidazolium ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (C(4)mim(+)PF(6)(-)) or 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (C(8)mim(+)PF(6)(-)) acted as porogens to prepare porous materials and additives to stabilize extractant within silica gel.

Removal of Cr(III, VI) by quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium ionic liquids functionalized silica materials

A series of silica-based organic–inorganic hybrid materials were prepared by the sol–gel process for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) adsorption. These silica materials generally had high surface areas, good physical–chemical stability and high thermal stability. Trialkylmethylammonium bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinate ([A336][C272]) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) were explored as porogens to prepare porous silica and as extractants to extract chromium ions. Cyphos IL 104 and [A336][C272] functionalized silica sorbents (SG-2, SG-5) can be effectively used for the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by adjusting pH values, whereas trialkylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) functionalized silica sorbents (SG-3, SG-4) can only be used for the removal of the single chromium species, Cr(VI) or Cr(III).

Utilisation du sisvar dans l'analyse de données expérimentales.

2013

« Harangues, remonstrances et oraisons funebres » prononcées, semble-t-il, la plupart par Achille de Harlay, de 1581 à 1611. Copies.

Contient : 1 à 14 « Harangues aux roys Henry III, Henry IV et Louys XIII » ; 1 « Harangue de M. le premier president DE HARLAY au roy Henry III, venant en son lict de justice pour faire publier 28 edicts, l'an 1581 » ; 2 Harangue « au roy Henry III, au parlement, l'an 1584 », en juillet, « sur la publication d'aucuns edicts » ; 3 Harangue au « roy Henry III, de la part du parlement, au Louvre, l'an 1587 », en « may, sur l'arrest des deniers destinez au payement des rentes constituées sur l'Hostel de Ville » ; 4 « Harangue au roy Henry III, tenant son lict de justice, l'an 1585 », en « juillet, sur l'abolition de l'edict de pacification » ; 5 « Harangue au roy Henry III, apres la desfaicte des reistres, conduicts par le baron de Donau » ; 6 « Harangue de Mr le premier president D'HARLAY au roy Henry le Grand, au retour du siege de Vendosme, sur son nouvel advenement à la couronne, à Tours, l'an 1589 », en « novembre » ; 7 « Harangue au roy Henry le Grand, venu à Tours, l'an 1593, janvier, contre les ligueurs » ; 8 « Harangue au roy Henry le Grand, lequel auroit voulu que la cour de parlement deputast aucuns de la compaignée pour assister à son sacre à Chartres, l'an 1594 » ; 9 « Harangue au roy Henry le Grand, au Louvre, l'an 1595, febvrier », sur les bénéfices ecclésiastiques et sur les rentes de l'Hôtel de Ville » ; 10 « Harangue au roy Henry le Grand, à son retour de Sedan, au Louvre, en apvril 1606 » ; 11 « Harangue au roy Louis XIII, tenant son lict de justice, au couvent des Augustins, le 15 may 1610, le lendemaiu du tres cruel et tres inhumain parricide, commis en la personne sacrée du feu roy Henry le Grand » ; 12 « Harangue à la royne Marie de Medicis, femme du roy Henry le Grand, à son advenement à la couronne. Au Louvre ». 1601 ; 13 « Responce faicte à la royne regente [Marie de Médicis], pour l'arrest de la cour contre le livre de Belarmin, qui maintient que le pape peut instituer et deposer les roys, en cas de foiblesse et incapacité d'esprit. Au Louvre » ; 14 « Harangue à M. le prince de Condé, venu en parlement apres son retour en France, apres le deceds du roy Henry le Grand » ; 15 à 40 « Remonstrances à messieurs du parlement » ; 41 à 63 « Remonstrances aux gens du roy » ; 64 à 93 « Remonstrances aux advocats et procureurs de la cour » ; 94 à 104 « Oraisons funebres d'aucuns de messieurs du parlement » ; 94 « Oraison aux funerailles de Mr le chancelier de Birague, l'an 1583, decembre » ; 95 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. Prevost, president au parlement, l'an 1585, septembre » ; 96 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. de Pibrac, president au parlement, l'an 1584, juillet » ; 97 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. Faye, president au parlement, à Tours, l'an 1590 » ; 98 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. Brulart, president des enquestes, l'an 1584, novembre » ; 99 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. Anjorant, doyen des conseillers de la cour, l'an 1585, mars » ; 100 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. Le Sueur, doyen des conseillers clercs, l'an 1584, mars » ; 101 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. Duval, conseiller au parlement, l'an 1584, aoust » ; 102 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. Florette, conseiller au parlement » ; 103 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. Pardessus, conseiller clerc en la grand chambre, l'an 1585, may » ; 104 « Oraison aux funerailles de M. de Vignolles, conseiller clerc au parlement, l'an 1584, mars » ; 105 à 108 « Responces faictes à ceux de l'Université » ; 105 « Responce au recteur de l'Université de Paris, offrant un cierge de la part de lad. Université ». En latin ; 106 « Responce aux theologiens de Sorbonne », qui sont « exhortez à lire la Bible ». En latin ; 107 « Responce aux medecins de Paris, qui sont exhortez à fuyr toutes contentions entre eux ». En latin ; 108 « Responce à la harangue des medecins, prononcée par M. Duret, l'an 1584, juin ». En latin ; 109 à 112 « Extraicts de plusieurs passaiges de CASSIODORE et autres autheurs »

Caratterizzazione del soppressore tumorale miR-101 nel colon carcinoma

I microRNA sono una classe di piccole molecole di RNA non codificante che controllano la stabilità di numerosi RNA messaggeri, perciò sono considerati come “master regulator” dell’espressione genica. Ogni tumore è caratterizzato da un profilo di espressione alterato dei microRNA. Il miR-101 è un oncosoppressore represso nei tessuti tumorali ed è candidato come biomarcatore del cancro colon-rettale. È regolato da numerosi eventi fisiologici e patologici, come angiogenesi e carcinogenesi. Gli eventi molecolari coinvolti nella regolazione dell’espressione del miR-101 sono scarsamente conosciuti, poiché è trascritto da due loci genici non caratterizzati. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è di caratterizzare i geni del miR-101 ed individuarne i regolatori molecolari coinvolti nella cancerogenesi colon-rettale.

Il ruolo dell’ecografia prenatale nella diagnosi precoce delle anomalie fetali della fossa cranica posteriore

Obiettivo: Valutare il ruolo brainstem-vermis angle (BV angle) a 16-18 settimane per la diagnosi precoce delle anomalie cistiche della fossa cranica posteriore. Metodi: Uno studio prospettico, multicentrico, osservazionale. Volumi ecografici tridimensionali della testa fetale sono stati acquisiti in feti a 16-18 settimane. Tre operatori di simile esperienza hanno misurato il BV angle nel piano sagittale come precedentemente descritto1,2 e hanno annotato se il quarto ventricolo era aperto sul piano assiale. Un follow-up dettagliato è stato ottenuto in tutti i casi. Risultati: Tra novembre 2009 e marzo 2011, 150 volumi sono stati acquisiti ad un’epoca gestazionale media di 16 settimane. A causa di una scarsa qualità delle immaginai, 49 volumi sono stati esclusi, con una popolazione finale di 101 casi. Di questi, 6 hanno ricevuto successivamente una diagnosi di malformazione di Dandy-Walker (DWM) e 2 di cisti della tasca di Blake (BPC), gli altri erano normali. In tutti i feti con anomalie cistiche della fossa cranica posteriore, il BV angle è risultato significativamente più ampio rispetto ai controlli (57.3+23.0° vs 9.4+7.7°, U-Mann Whitney test p<0.000005). Nel 90.3% dei feti normali, il BV angle era <20° e il quarto ventricolo era chiuso sul piano assiale. In 9 feti normali e nei casi con BPC, l’angolo era >20° ma <45° (25.8+5.6°) e il quarto ventricolo era aperto posteriormente sul piano assiale, ma solo utilizzando una scansione non convenzionale. In tutti i feti con DWM, il BV angle era >45° (67.9+13.9°) e il quarto ventricolo era aperto anche sul piano assiale standard. Conclusioni: Fino ad ora la diagnosi di anomalie cistiche della fossa cranica posteriore è stata consideratea difficile o impossibile prima di 20 settimane, a causa del presunto sviluppo tardivo del verme cerebellare. La nostra esperienza suggerisce che la misurazione del BV angle consente un’identificazione precisa di queste condizioni già a 16 settimane.

Émotions facilitant l’élaboration de la mémoire à long terme dans le contexte du cours Évolution et diversité du vivant (101-NYA-05) à l’ordre collégial

En juin 2009, le colloque de l'Association québécoise de pédagogie collégial (AQPC) portait le titre Pour des apprentissages durables. Les participants et participantes du colloque échangeaient donc sur les moyens qui peuvent être mis en place pour que les étudiants et étudiantes gardent les connaissances acquises sur le long terme. Lors de ce colloque, plusieurs ateliers et conférences ont porté sur les méthodes d'enseignement novatrices comme l'apprentissage par projet. Toutefois, très peu ont touché au potentiel des émotions vécues dans une classe pour favoriser l'élaboration de la mémoire à long terme. Notre recherche porte précisément sur ce thème. Elle se situe dans le cadre d'un cours de biologie obligatoire pour tous les étudiants et étudiantes du programme de Sciences de la nature : Évolution et diversité du vivant (101-NYA-05). La problématique a été établie à partir de certaines observations faites dans trois collèges où le chercheur principal a oeuvré. Il s'agit du Cégep de Victoriaville, du Cégep François-Xavier-Garneau et du Cégep de Lévis-Lauzon. C'est toutefois à l'intérieur du Cégep de Lévis-Lauzon que la recherche a été menée. Parmi ces observations, on note d'abord qu'à l'intérieur des cours de biologie en général, l'exposé magistral occupe une place importante. Certains problèmes reliés à l'abandon du cours Évolution et diversité du vivant ou aux taux de réussite reliés à ce cours ont également été observés. Enfin, l'action des enseignants et enseignantes porte surtout sur le traitement cognitif des contenus, les émotions étant peu prises en considération. Il est de notre avis que faire plus de place aux émotions en classe —notamment durant l'exposé magistral — pourrait améliorer le processus de mémorisation à long terme ce qui pourrait avoir un impact éventuel sur les taux de réussite. Cela nous a amenés à formuler l'objectif général de notre recherche qui est d'établir un lien entre ce qui est conservé dans la mémoire à long terme et les émotions qui ont pu être vécues par les étudiantes et étudiants lors de l'apprentissage dans le cadre du cours Évolution et diversité du vivant. Le cadre de référence sur lequel s'est appuyée notre recherche repose en premier lieu sur le développement de deux concepts : émotions et mémoire. Nous avons d'abord défini le concept d'émotion, établi une liste de mots permettant l'expression d'émotions et mis en relief les relations qui existent entre les émotions et la cognition. Nous avons ensuite défini le concept de mémoire et en avons présenté les divers types. En deuxième lieu, nous avons présenté les structures cérébrales ainsi que les mécanismes biochimiques qui interviennent lors de l'élaboration de la mémoire à long terme. Le rôle des structures cérébrales impliquées dans les émotions sur la formation de réseaux neuronaux associés à la mémoire y a notamment été exposé. Enfin, des études menées en milieu scolaire portant sur le rôle des émotions en classe ont été présentées. Pour répondre à l'objectif général de notre recherche, nous avons opté pour une recherche qualitative descriptive. Treize étudiants et étudiantes du programme de Sciences de la nature du Cégep de Lévis-Lauzon ont accepté de participer à une entrevue de type semi-dirigé. Ces étudiantes et étudiants étaient tous en dernière session du programme ce qui laissait un écart d'au moins treize mois entre la fin du cours Évolution et diversité du vivant et la participation à l'entrevue. Au cours des entretiens, les participants et participantes avaient à identifier les trois éléments de contenu relié au cours qu'ils avaient le mieux conservés en mémoire. Ils devaient également identifier des émotions vécues à l'intérieur du même cours. Ils pouvaient également présenter des exemples vécus de lien émotion-mémoire dans le cadre du même cours. Les entrevues ont été transcrites et les contenus analysés par segmentation des unités de sens. Les résultats de notre recherche montrent que les participants et participantes de notre étude accordent une grande importance au rôle que jouent les émotions vécues en classe sur leur capacité de mémorisation. À cet égard, plusieurs éléments de contenus identifiés ont pu être reliés à des émotions vécues en classe. Par exemple, la génétique et la sélection naturelle ont fréquemment été reliées à l'amusement ou au plaisir. La surprise est également une émotion qui a été associée à plusieurs éléments de contenu. Il faut toutefois préciser que dans certains cas, les éléments de contenus identifiés n'avaient pas liens évidents avec des émotions vécues en classe. Dans ces cas, le travail personnel a pu avoir un impact positif par exemple. Toutefois, il est clair selon les participants et participantes que les émotions vécues en classe ont pu avoir un rôle déterminant sur la mémorisation de certains éléments de contenus identifiés. Notre analyse permet d'en venir à la même conclusion. À partir de l'analyse des entrevues et des liens qui ont été établis par les participants et participantes entre les émotions vécues et les éléments de contenus mémorisés, nous avons élaboré un répertoire comprenant cinq catégories d'outils permettant de favoriser la construction de la mémoire à long terme en agissant via les émotions vécues en classe. Ces catégories sont l'humour; les actions de l'enseignant ou l'enseignante; les témoignages; les personnifications et les comparaisons; et finalement, les activités et les jeux. Bien que notre recherche se situe dans le contexte d'un cours de biologie propre au programme de Sciences de la nature, le répertoire développé est suffisamment vaste pour être utile, dans des conditions semblables, à l'enseignement d'autres cours au sein de la communauté collégiale. L'exploitation du potentiel des émotions vécues en classe ne peut être considérée comme la recette qui règle tous les problèmes reliés aux apprentissages durables. Cette exploitation peut néanmoins représenter un outil pédagogique intéressant pour quiconque se sentirait à l'aise de l'utiliser.

New insights into appetite, inflammation and the use of fish oil in hemodialysis patients

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is commonly seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The condition is characterised by chronic, systemic low-grade inflammation which affects nutritional status by a variety of mechanisms including reducing appetite and food intake and increasing muscle catabolism. PEW is linked with co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, and is associated with lower quality of life, increased hospitalisations and a 6-fold increase in risk of death1. Significant gender differences have been found in the severity and effects of several markers of PEW. There have been limited studies testing the ability of anti-inflammatory agents or nutritional interventions to reduce the effects of PEW in dialysis patients. This thesis makes a significant contribution to the understanding of PEW in dialysis patients. It advances understanding of measurement techniques for two of the key components, appetite and inflammation, and explores the effect of fish oil, an anti-inflammatory agent, on markers of PEW in dialysis patients. The first part of the thesis consists of two methodological studies conducted using baseline data. The first study aims to validate retrospective ratings of hunger, desire to eat and fullness on visual analog scales (VAS) (paper and pen and electronic) as a new method of measuring appetite in dialysis patients. The second methodological study aims to assess the ability of a variety of methods available in routine practice to detect the presence of inflammation. The second part of the thesis aims to explore the effect of 12 weeks supplementation with 2g per day of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), a longchain fatty acid found in fish oil, on markers of PEW. A combination of biomarkers and psychomarkers of appetite and inflammation are the main outcomes being explored, with nutritional status, dietary intake and quality of life included as secondary outcomes. A lead in phase of 3 months prior to baseline was used so that each person acts as their own historical control. The study also examines whether there are gender differences in response to the treatment. Being an exploratory study, an important part of the work is to test the feasibility of the intervention, thus the level of adherence and factors associated with adherence are also presented. The studies were conducted at the hemodialysis unit of the Wesley Hospital. Participants met the following criteria: adult, stage 5 CKD on hemodialysis for at least 3 months, not expected to receive a transplant or switch to another dialysis modality during the study, absence of intellectual impairment or mental illness impairing ability to follow instructions or complete the intervention. A range of intermediate, clinical and patient-centred outcome measures were collected at baseline and 12 weeks. Inflammation was measured using five biomarkers: c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) and white cell count (WCC). Subjective appetite was measured using the first question from the Appetite and Dietary Assessment (ADAT) tool and VAS for measurements of hunger, desire to eat and fullness. A novel feature of the study was the assessment of the appetite peptides leptin, ghrelin and peptide YY as biomarkers of appetite. Nutritional status/inflammation was assessed using the Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) and the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Dietary intake was measured using 3-day records. Quality of life was measured using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form version 1.3 (KDQOL-SF™ v1.3 © RAND University), which combines the Short-Form 36 (SF36) with a kidney-disease specific module2. A smaller range of these variables was available for analysis during the control phase (CRP, ADAT, dietary intake and nutritional status). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 14 (SPSS Inc, Chicago IL, USA). Analysis of the first part of the thesis involved descriptive and bivariate statistics, as well as Bland-Altman plots to assess agreement between methods, and sensitivity analysis/ROC curves to test the ability of methods to predict the presence of inflammation. The unadjusted (paired ttests) and adjusted (linear mixed model) change over time is presented for the main outcome variables of inflammation and appetite. Results are shown for the whole group followed by analyses according to gender and adherence to treatment. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, trends and clinical significance were considered as important as statistical significance. Twenty-eight patients (mean age 61±17y, 50% male, dialysis vintage 19.5 (4- 101) months) underwent baseline assessment. Seven out of 28 patients (25%) reported sub-optimal appetite (self-reported as fair, poor or very poor) despite all being well nourished (100% SGA A). Using the VAS, ratings of hunger, but not desire to eat or fullness, were significantly (p<0.05) associated with a range of relevant clinical variables including age (r=-0.376), comorbidities (r=-0.380) nutritional status (PG-SGA score, r=-0.451), inflammatory markers (CRP r=-0.383; sICAM-1 r=-0.387) and seven domains of quality of life. Patients expressed a preference for the paper and pen method of administering VAS. None of the tools (appetite, MIS, PG-SGA, albumin or iron) showed an acceptable ability to detect patients who are inflamed. It is recommended that CRP should be tested more frequently as a matter of course rather than seeking alternative methods of measuring inflammation. 27 patients completed the 12 week intervention. 20 patients were considered adherent based on changes in % plasma EPA, which rose from 1.3 (0.94)% to 5.2 (1.1)%, p<0.001, in this group. The major barriers to adherence were forgetting to take the tablets as well as their size. At 12 weeks, inflammatory markers remained steady apart from the white cell count which decreased (7.6(2.5) vs 7.0(2.2) x109/L, p=0.058) and sVCAM-1 which increased (1685(654) vs 2249(925) ng/mL, p=0.001). Subjective appetite using VAS increased (51mm to 57mm, +12%) and there was a trend towards reduction in peptide YY (660(31) vs 600(30) pg/mL, p=0.078). There were some gender differences apparent, with the following adjusted change between baseline and week 12: CRP (males -3% vs females +17%, p=0.19), IL6 (males +17% vs females +48%, p=0.77), sICAM-1 (males -5% vs females +11%, p=0.07), sVCAM-1 (males +54% vs females +19%, p=0.08) and hunger ratings (males 20% vs females -5%, p=0.18). On balance, males experienced a maintainence or reduction in three inflammatory markers and an improvement in hunger ratings, and therefore appeared to have responded better to the intervention. Compared to those who didn’t adhere, adherent patients maintained weight (mean(SE) change: +0.5(1.6) vs - 0.8(1.2) kg, p=0.052) and fat-free mass (-0.1 (1.6) vs -1.8 (1.8) kg, p=0.045). There was no difference in change between the intervention and control phase for CRP, appetite, nutritional status or dietary intake. The thesis makes a significant contribution to the evidence base for understanding of PEW in dialysis patients. It has advanced knowledge of methods of assessing inflammation and appetite. Retrospective ratings of hunger on a VAS appear to be a valid method of assessing appetite although samples which include patients with very poor appetite are required to confirm this. Supplementation with fish oil appeared to improve subjective appetite and dampen the inflammatory response. The effectiveness of the intervention is influenced by gender and adherence. Males appear to be more responsive to the primary outcome variables than females, and the quality of response is improved with better adherence. These results provide evidence to support future interventions aimed at reducing the effects of PEW in dialysis patients.

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates interleukin-1beta-induced IL-8 expression via an effect on the IL-8 promoter in intestinal epithelial cells

Several lines of evidence implicate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the proinflammatory response to bacterial agents and cytokines. Equally, the transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, is recognized to be a critical determinant of the inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). However, the precise inter-relationship between the activation of p38 MAPK and activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) system, remains unknown. Here we show that interleukin (IL)-1beta activates all three MAPKs in Caco-2 cells. The production of IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) was attenuated by 50% when these cells were preincubated with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB 203580. Further investigation of the NF-kappaB signalling system revealed that the inhibitory effect was independent of the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, the binding partner of NF-kappaB. This effect was also independent of the DNA binding of the p65 Rel A subunit, as well as transactivation, determined by an NF-kappaB luciferase construct, using both SB 203580 and dominant-negative p38 MAPK. Evaluation of IL-8 and MCP-1 RNA messages by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that the inhibitory effect of SB 203580 was associated with a reduction in this parameter. Using an IL-8-luciferase promoter construct, an effect of p38 upon its activation by both pharmacological and dominant-negative p38 construct co-transfection was demonstrated. It is concluded that p38 MAPK influences the expression of chemokines in intestinal epithelial cells, through an effect upon the activation of the chemokine promoter, and does not directly involve the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB

Le infrastrutture viarie dismesse o declassate ed il progetto di paesaggio

Paesaggio ed infrastrutture viarie sono un binomio molto forte: il primo ha insito il concetto di accessibilità, in quanto non può esistere senza la presenza di un osservatore; la strada, invece, trova i fattori che la connotano nel suo rapporto con la morfologia su cui insiste. Le infrastrutture viarie sono elemento strutturale e strutturante non solo di un territorio, ma anche di un paesaggio. Le attuali esigenze di mobilità portano oggi a ripensare ed adeguare molte infrastrutture viarie: laddove è possibile si potenziano le strutture esistenti, in diversi casi si ricorre a nuovi tracciati o a varianti di percorso. Porsi il problema di conservare itinerari testimoni della cultura materiale ed economica di una società implica considerazioni articolate, che travalicano i limiti del sedime: una via è un organismo più complesso della semplice linea di trasporto in quanto implica tutta una serie di manufatti a supporto della mobilità e soprattutto il corridoio infrastrutturale che genera e caratterizza, ovvero una porzione variabile di territorio definita sia dal tracciato che dalla morfologia del contesto. L’evoluzione dei modelli produttivi ed economici, che oggi porta quote sempre maggiori di popolazione a passare un tempo sempre minore all’interno del proprio alloggio, rende la riflessione sulle infrastrutture viarie dismesse o declassate occasione per la progettazione di spazi per l’abitare collettivo inseriti in contesti paesaggistici, tanto urbani che rurali, tramite reti di percorsi pensate per assorbire tagli di mobilità specifici e peculiari. Partendo da queste riflessioni la Tesi si articola in: Individuazioni del contesto teorico e pratico: Lo studio mette in evidenza come la questione delle infrastrutture viarie e del loro rapporto con il paesaggio implichi riflessioni incrociate a diversi livelli e tramite diverse discipline. La definizione dello spazio fisico della strada passa infatti per la costruzione di un itinerario, un viaggio che si appoggia tanto ad elementi fisici quanto simbolici. La via è un organismo complesso che travalica il proprio sedime per coinvolgere una porzione ampia di territorio, un corridoio variabile ed articolato in funzione del paesaggio attraversato. Lo studio propone diverse chiavi di lettura, mettendo in luce le possibili declinazioni del tema, in funzione del taglio modale, del rapporto con il contesto, del regime giuridico, delle implicazioni urbanistiche e sociali. La mobilità dolce viene individuata quale possibile modalità di riuso, tutela e recupero, del patrimonio diffuso costituito dalle diversi reti di viabilità. Antologia di casi studio: Il corpo principale dello studio si basa sulla raccolta, analisi e studio dello stato dell’arte nel settore; gli esempi raccolti sono presentati in due sezioni: la prima dedicata alle esperienze più significative ed articolate, che affrontano il recupero delle infrastrutture viarie a più livelli ed in modo avanzato non concentrandosi solo sulla conversione del sedime, ma proponendo un progetto che coinvolga tutto il corridoio attraversato dall’infrastruttura; la seconda parte illustra la pratica corrente nelle diverse realtà nazionali, ponendo in evidenza similitudini e differenze tra i vari approcci.

Evaluation of the Scottsdale Loop 101 automated speed enforcement demonstration program

Speeding is recognized as a major contributing factor in traffic crashes. In order to reduce speed-related crashes, the city of Scottsdale, Arizona implemented the first fixed-camera photo speed enforcement program (SEP) on a limited access freeway in the US. The 9-month demonstration program spanning from January 2006 to October 2006 was implemented on a 6.5 mile urban freeway segment of Arizona State Route 101 running through Scottsdale. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the SEP on speeding behavior, crashes, and the economic impact of crashes. The impact on speeding behavior was estimated using generalized least square estimation, in which the observed speeds and the speeding frequencies during the program period were compared to those during other periods. The impact of the SEP on crashes was estimated using 3 evaluation methods: a before-and-after (BA) analysis using a comparison group, a BA analysis with traffic flow correction, and an empirical Bayes BA analysis with time-variant safety. The analysis results reveal that speeding detection frequencies (speeds> or =76 mph) increased by a factor of 10.5 after the SEP was (temporarily) terminated. Average speeds in the enforcement zone were reduced by about 9 mph when the SEP was implemented, after accounting for the influence of traffic flow. All crash types were reduced except rear-end crashes, although the estimated magnitude of impact varies across estimation methods (and their corresponding assumptions). When considering Arizona-specific crash related injury costs, the SEP is estimated to yield about $17 million in annual safety benefits.