Congelación de semen en porcinos: 4. Estudio trianual de la calidad del semen congelado en sistemas monodosis mediante la evaluación por pruebas de laboratorio y de fertilidad

La congelación del semen porcino se ha caracterizado por ser una técnica que no ha logrado alcanzar altos índices de fertilidad, hecho que ha dificultado su aplicación práctica a terreno y parte de su progreso genético. El problema particular radica en que la calidad espermática, por factores poco conocidos, disminuye considerablemente al momento de la descongelación. Como consecuencia, las tasas de fecundidad, fertilidad y prolificidad son inferiores a las obtenidas mediante monta natural o inseminación artificial con semen fresco refrigerado. Pese a esta dificultad, la fertilidad es adecuada para casos de importación, exportación, introducción de nuevas líneas de sangre y uso de semen de machos con alto mérito genético. (...) Entre los factores más importantes que afectan la fertilidad del semen congelado se citan el efecto individual de los machos, de mala congelabilidad, el efecto raza, el momento óptimo para inseminar a la hembra en celo, la estación del año y el tiempo de almacenaje del semen, entre otros. (...) Objetivos Generales: El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un programa anual destinado, en una primera etapa, a mejorar la técnica de laboratorio con equipamiento de mayor desarrollo tecnológico y utilizando nuevos envases; en una segunda etapa a estudiar el efecto raza y el efecto individual, con un pool de semen de diferentes machos; y en una tercera etapa, consistente en aplicar el mejor semen criopreservado, en el momento biológico óptimo de la hembra en celo, con el fin de aumentar la fertilidad y prolificidad. Objetivos Específicos: 1. Primer Año Mejorar las técnicas de congelación utilizando nuevos equipos y estudiar la calidad del semen porcino congelado en micropajuelas (Mp) y bolsas plásticas (Bp) evaluando la capacidad fecundante por pruebas de laboratorio y pruebas de fertilidad en animales vivos. 2. Segundo Año Estudiar la calidad del semen porcino congelado en Mp y/o Bp utilizando un pool de semen de tres machos de razas diferentes y evaluar su capacidad fecundante por pruebas de fertilidad a campo. 3. Tercer Año Estudiar la calidad del semen porcino congelado en Mp y/o Bp, utilizando un pool de semen de tres machos diferentes e inseminándolo en el momento biológico óptimo del celo.

Congelación y conservación del semen en la especie caprina mediante la utilización de ultracongeladores de -152ºC: Tasa de fertilidad tras inseminación con semen congelado por diferentes protocolos de crioconservación

[ES] El análisis de los distintos parámetros evaluados para determinar la calidad seminal de siete machos cabríos de raza Majorera, demuestra que la congelación del semen mediante ultracongeladores de -152 ºc es igual de efectiva que la congelación mediante nitrógeno líquido, técnica que se ha venido usando desde hace ya muchos años. se observa cómo la calidad seminal in vitro tras la descongelación no varía en los diferentes períodos de congelación testados (1, 30 y 180 días), así mismo, el porcentaje de gestaciones obtenido a partir de la inseminación artificial en 40 hembras, es similar en ambos protocolos de congelación para muestras congeladas durante un período de un mes

Estandarización de un protocolo de criopreservación de espermatozoides bovinos recuperados de la cola del epidídimo

Tesis (Médico Veterinario). -- Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, 2013

Criopreservación de semen bovino de la cola del epididimo utilizando los métodos convencional y automatizado

Cryopreservation of sperm is important to preserve the germplasm from animals of genetic value, which can die unexpectedly. This study compares conventional and automated methods of cryopreservation of spermatozoa obtained from the epididymis of bulls post-mortem. Twenty-two epididymides were obtained from a commercial slaughterhouse. Spermatozoa were collected from the tail of the epididymis using the retrograde flow technique. Thus, the samples, which were diluted in 10 ml of extender without glycerol (Botubov® I, Botupharma, Botucatu, SP, Brazil), were evaluated on motility, sperm vigor, structural and functional (swelling hypoosmotic test) membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, sperm viability and ADN fragmentation. The samples were divided into two aliquots and diluted in extender with glycerol (Botubov® II, Botupharma, Botucatu, SP, Brazil) at a concentration of 50x106 motile sperm/0.5 French straws. One sample was frozen by the conventional method (4 hours at 5°C, in a refrigerator and 20 min in nitrogen vapor) and the other by the automated method (Cryogen® Dualflex, Neovet, Uberaba, MG, Brazil). The parameters were higher in all the tests of fresh sperm samples, with the exception of the swelling hypoosmotic test, which showed no significant difference when the results were compared with sperm frozen by the conventional method. The average motility of fresh spermatozoa was 74%, and conventional and automated averages were 29 and 25%, respectively. Therefore, although cryopreservation techniques reduce sperm quality parameters, the viability of the sperm is maintained, and these methods can be used to preserve sperm.

Influencia de la técnica de congelación (nitrógeno líquido vs ultracongeladores de -152ºC) y variación individual sobre la calidad seminal en el dogo canario

[ES] En este estudio, se pretende valorar la calidad in vitro del semen canino congelado por un ultracongelador de -152 ºC, así como evaluar la variación individual en la calidad seminal en Dogos Canarios. Se testaron dos técnicas: (I) el semen era congelado y almacenado en nitrógeno líquido; (II) el semen era congelado y almacenado en un ultracongelador de -152 ºC. Tras la congelación, la motilidad, la vitalidad espermática y el porcentaje de morfoanomalías espermáticas no eran diferentes entre la técnica de nitrógeno líquido y el protocolo del ultracongelador. Por otro lado, la calidad seminal en fresco era similar entre machos; no obstante, en la calidad seminal post-congelación se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre individuos, independientemente del procedimiento de congelación utilizado. Los resultados in vitro confirman que el ultracongelador de -152 ºC es una alternativa potencial frente al nitrógeno líquido para congelar y conservar semen canino.

Comparación de dos medios para congelar semen de toro y la influencia de tres tiempos de equilibración en la calidad post-descongelación

Los factores que influyen en la crioconservación de semen son la calidad, el manejo y los métodos de congelación (Lozano, 2009). La supervivencia y vitalidad espermática post-descongelación en la crioconservación está relacionada con los protocolos de procesamiento del semen y la dilución (Andrabi, 2009). Existen parámetros que permiten valorar la calidad seminal como la Motilidad Individual Progresiva (MIP), la Vitalidad Espermática (VE) y la tasa de Anormalidades en el semen descongelado que se ven afectados por los tiempos de equilibrio. Además la motilidad espermática y la vitalidad post-descongelación se pueden ver afectadas con el uso de los diferentes diluyentes tanto sintéticos (lecitina de soya) como orgánicos (yema de huevo). El objetivo fue comparar la eficacia del diluyente AndroMed® (TRIS + Lecitina de soya) y Triladyl® (TRIS + Yema de Huevo) y tres tiempos de equilibramiento de acuerdo a los protocolos establecidos en la crioconservación de semen de toro.

Evaluar el efecto crioprotector de la dimetilformamida en diferentes tiempos de adición en la criopreservación de semen en caballos criollos colombianos

Bogotá (Colombia): Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Maestría en Ciencias Veterinarias

Propiedades termofísicas del jugo concentrado de lulo a temperaturas por encima del punto de congelación

En este trabajo fueron determinados experimentalmente el calor específico, conductividad térmica, difusividad térmica y densidad del jugo de lulo en el rango de contenido de agua de 0.55 a 0.90 (p/p en base húmeda) y en temperaturas variando de 4 a 78.6 °C. La conductividad térmica y el calor específico fueron obtenidos utilizando el mismo aparato - una célula constituida de dos cilindros concéntricos - operando en estado estacionario y no- estacionario, respectivamente. La difusividad térmica fue obtenida a través del método de Dickerson y la densidad determinada por picnometria. Tanto la temperatura como el contenido de agua presentaron una fuerte influencia en los datos experimentales de las propiedades termofísicas del jugo de lulo. Los resultados obtenidos fueron utilizados para obtener modelos matemáticos y predecir estas propiedades en función de la concentración y la temperatura.

EMJH medium with 5-fluorouracil and nalidixic acid associated with serial dilution technique used to recover Leptospira spp from experimentally contaminated bovine semen

Bovine semen experimentally contaminated with Leptospira santarosai serovar Guaricura was submitted to the modified EMJH medium with 5-fluorouracil (300mg/L) and nalidixic acid (20mg/L), named as "selective medium" and using the serial dilution technique, in order to evaluate the percentage of recovery of the added microorganism. The selective EMJH medium was found with higher percentage of recovery of leptospiras and minor losses of samples due to contamination with opportunistic microorganisms than the non-selective EMJH medium: 151/376 (40.0%) of positive growth; and 38/376 (10.0%) contamination and 58/376 (15%) and 129/376 (34.0%), respectively. These results were statistically significant (p<0. 0001; Fisher). Differences were found when the frequencies of positive leptospires recovery have been compared in the serial dilution technique (10-1 to 10-4) between the selective and non-selective media at different dilution factors. At 1/10th dilution the percentages found were (0%, 0/80) and (38%, 30/80), at 1/100th dilution, (3%, 2/80) and (49%, 39/80) and at 1/1,000th dilution, (25%, 20/80) and (50%, 40/80), respectively. The percentage of recovery of leptospires was found to be directly proportional to the dilution used. The methodology of the serial dilution technique (setting at least three dilutions) and the use of selective EMJH medium have been found to be efficient for the isolation of leptospires from the bovine semen samples.

Detection of Ureaplasma diversum in bovine semen straws for artificial insemination

Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[06/56855-0]

Peptidase activities in the semen from the ductus deferens and uterus of the neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus

To understand the role of peptidases in seminal physiology of Crotalus durissus terrificus, intra- and inter-seasonal activity levels of acid (APA), basic (APB), puromycin-sensitive (APN-PS) and puromycin-insensitive neutral (APN-PI), cystyl (CAP), dipeptidyl-IV (DPPIV), type-1 pyroglutamyl (PAP-I) and prolyl-imino (PIP) aminopeptidases as well as prolyl endopeptidase (POP) were evaluated in soluble (SF) and/or membrane-bound (MF) fractions of semen collected from the ductus deferens of the male reproductive tract and from the posterior portion of the uterus. Seminal APB, PIP and POP were detected in SF, while other peptidases were detected in SF and MF. Only the convoluted posterior uterus in winter and autumn had semen. Relative to other examined peptidases, in general, APN-PI, APN-PS and APB activities were predominant in the semen from the uterus and throughout the year in the semen from the ductus deferens, suggesting their great relevance in the seminal physiology of C. d. terrificus. The levels of peptidase activities in the ductus deferens semen varied seasonally and were different from those of semen in the uterus, suggesting that their modulatory actions on susceptible peptides are integrated to the male reproductive cycle events and spermatozoa viability of this snake.

Peptidase activities in Crotalus durissus terrificus semen

To understand the role of peptidases in seminal physiology of Crotalus durissus terrificus, activity levels of representative enzymes in semen and their sensitivities to inhibitors, cofactors, and peptide hormones were evaluated. The existence of seminal fractions and the association of peptidases with these fractions were also characterized for the first time in snakes. The prominent inhibitors of aminopeptidases (APs) were amastatin for acid, basic, and neutral; bestatin for basic; and diprotin A for dipeptidyl-IV. Cystyl and prolylimino AN were similarly susceptible to the majority of these inhibitors. The basic and neutral were characterized as metallo-peptidases, acid AP was activated by MnCl(2), and cystyl, prolyl-imino, and type I pyroglutamyl were characterized as sulphydryl-dependent APs. Angiotensin II, vasotocin, bradykinin, fertilization-promoting peptide, and TRH altered the majority of these peptidase activities; these peptides are possible substrates and/or modulators of these peptidases. Peptidase activities were found in all seminal fractions: seminal plasma (SP), prostasome-like (PR) structures, and soluble (S-) and membrane-bound fractions (MFs) of spermatozoa. The levels of activity of each peptidase varied among different seminal fractions. In SP, the higher activities were puromycin-insensitive neutral and basic APs. in PR, the higher activity was puromycin-insensitive neutral AP. In spermatozoa, the higher activity in subcellular SF was puromycin-sensitive neutral, while in MF both puromycin-sensitive and -insensitive neutral AN were equally higher than the other examined peptidases. Data suggested that these peptidases, mainly basic and neutral, have a high relevance in regulating seminal functions of C. d. terrificus.

Effects of semen storage and separation techniques on sperm DNA fragmentation

Objective: To determine the effect of semen storage and separation techniques on sperm DNA fragmentation. Design: Controlled clinical study. Setting: An assisted reproductive technology laboratory. Patient(s): Thirty normoozospermic semen samples obtained from patients undergoing infertility evaluation. Intervention(s): One aliquot from each sample was immediately prepared (control) for the sperm chromatin dispersion assay (SCD). Aliquots used to assess storage techniques were treated in the following ways: snap frozen by liquid nitrogen immersion, slow frozen with Tris-yolk buffer and glycerol, kept on ice for 24 hours or maintained at room temperature for 4 and 24 hours. Aliquots used to assess separation techniques were processed by the following methods: washed and centrifuged in media, swim-up from washed sperm pellet, density gradient separation, density gradient followed by swim-up. DNA integrity was then measured by SCD. Main Outcome Measure(s): DNA fragmentation as measured by SCD. Result(s): There was no significant difference in fragmentation among the snap frozen, slow frozen, and wet-ice groups. Compared to other storage methods short-term storage at room temperature did not impact DNA fragmentation yet 24 hours storage significantly increased fragmentation. Swim-up, density gradient and density gradient/swim-up had significantly reduced DNA fragmentation levels compared with washed semen. Postincubation, density gradient/swim-up showed the lowest fragmentation levels. Conclusion(s): The effect of sperm processing methods on DNA fragmentation should be considered when selecting storage or separation techniques for clinical use. (Fertil Steril (R) 2010;94:2626-30. (C) 2010 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.)

Age-related increase of reactive oxygen species in neat semen in healthy fertile men

OBJECTIVES The effects of advancing paternal age on the male reproductive system are well known, but its effects on fecundity remain controversial. Although oxidative stress is associated with poor semen quality and function, a relationship with advancing male age has not been established. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between male age and seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in men presenting for voluntary sterilization. METHODS We prospectively evaluated 98 fertile men who were candidates for vasectomy. These were divided into 2 age groups: less than 40 years (n = 78) and 40 or more years (n = 20). We used 46 infertile patients as positive controls. Standard semen analysis, seminal leukocyte count and ROS levels were measured in all samples. Fertile men with leukocytospermia were excluded. RESULTS The mean age of the men was 35.1 +/- 5.6 years. Men 40 years and older had significantly higher ROS levels compared with younger men (P < 0.001). We observed a positive correlation between seminal ROS levels and age (r = 0.20; P = 0.040). In addition, ROS was negatively correlated with sperm concentration (r = -0-48; P < 0.001) and motility (r = -0.21; P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS Reactive oxygen species levels are significant higher in seminal ejaculates of healthy fertile men older than 40 years. ROS levels in whole ejaculate are significantly correlated to age among fertile men. Because ROS are clearly implicated in the pathogenesis of male infertility, these data suggest that delayed fatherhood may reduce the chances of pregnancy as men become progressively less fertile with age.

Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction

Thirteen goat herds and seven sheep flocks in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were screened for leptospirosis. From the three herds and three flocks with greatest seroreactivity, 19 goats (16 females and three bucks) and 40 sheep (26 ewes and 14 rams) that were seropositive (specific anti-Leptospira titres >= 400, based on a microscopic agglutination test), were selected for more detailed studies. From those animals, samples of vaginal fluids or semen were collected for bacteriological and molecular assays. For both species of animals, the most prevalent reactions were to serovars Hardjo, Shermani, and Grippotyphosa. Although leptospires were detected by darkfield microscopy in three vaginal fluid samples (from two goats and one ewe), pure isolates were not obtained by bacteriological culture of vaginal fluids or semen. However, seven vaginal fluid samples (from four goats and three ewes) and six semen samples (all from rams) were positive on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on these findings, in addition to analogous findings in cattle, we inferred that there is potential for venereal transmission of leptospirosis in small ruminants. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.