Consumo del internet de los estudiantes del Colegio Herlinda Toral

El uso de Internet aparece estrechamente vinculado con la posibilidad de comunicarse a través de un soporte digital. Las tecnologías digitales permiten una gran velocidad de comunicación. Este medio acorta las distancias, uno puede conectarse a nivel de todo el mundo y a toda hora, sin embargo crea enlaces de amistad con muchas personas de diferente sexo, edad, sin lugar a duda lo que los jóvenes buscan a través de estos canales. Los programas de entretenimiento están marcando el ritmo de vida cotidiana en los jóvenes que lo utilizan, porque se ven prestos a utilizar constantemente las redes sociales y orienta a las personas en general a consumir este medio, ya que al indagar se encuentran con otras personas que en ese momento se encuentran en línea, o al no estar comunicados se dejan mensajes que exigen una respuesta. Internet nos ofrece numerosas alternativas en comparación con otros medios: se accede a través de líneas de conexión, módems con cable, acceso fijo sin cable. Son sistemas alimentados con banda ancha en telecomunicaciones a la transmisión de datos la cual se envía información, se incrementa la velocidad de transmisión efectiva, que permite que Internet llegue a todos los hogares

Negotiating social and moral order in internet relay chat

Although internet chat is a significant aspect of many internet users’ lives, the manner in which participants in quasi-synchronous chat situations orient to issues of social and moral order remains to be studied in depth. The research presented here is therefore at the forefront of a continually developing area of study. This work contributes new insights into how members construct and make accountable the social and moral orders of an adult-oriented Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel by addressing three questions: (1) What conversational resources do participants use in addressing matters of social and moral order? (2) How are these conversational resources deployed within IRC interaction? and (3) What interactional work is locally accomplished through use of these resources? A survey of the literature reveals considerable research in the field of computer-mediated communication, exploring both asynchronous and quasi-synchronous discussion forums. The research discussed represents a range of communication interests including group and collaborative interaction, the linguistic construction of social identity, and the linguistic features of online interaction. It is suggested that the present research differs from previous studies in three ways: (1) it focuses on the interaction itself, rather than the ways in which the medium affects the interaction; (2) it offers turn-by-turn analysis of interaction in situ; and (3) it discusses membership categories only insofar as they are shown to be relevant by participants through their talk. Through consideration of the literature, the present study is firmly situated within the broader computer-mediated communication field. Ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis were adopted as appropriate methodological approaches to explore the research focus on interaction in situ, and in particular to investigate the ways in which participants negotiate and co-construct social and moral orders in the course of their interaction. IRC logs collected from one chat room were analysed using a two-pass method, based on a modification of the approaches proposed by Pomerantz and Fehr (1997) and ten Have (1999). From this detailed examination of the data corpus three interaction topics are identified by means of which participants clearly orient to issues of social and moral order: challenges to rule violations, ‘trolling’ for cybersex, and experiences regarding the 9/11 attacks. Instances of these interactional topics are subjected to fine-grained analysis, to demonstrate the ways in which participants draw upon various interactional resources in their negotiation and construction of channel social and moral orders. While these analytical topics stand alone in individual focus, together they illustrate different instances in which participants’ talk serves to negotiate social and moral orders or collaboratively construct new orders. Building on the work of Vallis (2001), Chapter 5 illustrates three ways that rule violation is initiated as a channel discussion topic: (1) through a visible violation in open channel, (2) through an official warning or sanction by a channel operator regarding the violation, and (3) through a complaint or announcement of a rule violation by a non-channel operator participant. Once the topic has been initiated, it is shown to become available as a topic for others, including the perceived violator. The fine-grained analysis of challenges to rule violations ultimately demonstrates that channel participants orient to the rules as a resource in developing categorizations of both the rule violation and violator. These categorizations are contextual in that they are locally based and understood within specific contexts and practices. Thus, it is shown that compliance with rules and an orientation to rule violations as inappropriate within the social and moral orders of the channel serves two purposes: (1) to orient the speaker as a group member, and (2) to reinforce the social and moral orders of the group. Chapter 6 explores a particular type of rule violation, solicitations for ‘cybersex’ known in IRC parlance as ‘trolling’. In responding to trolling violations participants are demonstrated to use affiliative and aggressive humour, in particular irony, sarcasm and insults. These conversational resources perform solidarity building within the group, positioning non-Troll respondents as compliant group members. This solidarity work is shown to have three outcomes: (1) consensus building, (2) collaborative construction of group membership, and (3) the continued construction and negotiation of existing social and moral orders. Chapter 7, the final data analysis chapter, offers insight into how participants, in discussing the events of 9/11 on the actual day, collaboratively constructed new social and moral orders, while orienting to issues of appropriate and reasonable emotional responses. This analysis demonstrates how participants go about ‘doing being ordinary’ (Sacks, 1992b) in formulating their ‘first thoughts’ (Jefferson, 2004). Through sharing their initial impressions of the event, participants perform support work within the interaction, in essence working to normalize both the event and their initial misinterpretation of it. Normalising as a support work mechanism is also shown in relation to participants constructing the ‘quiet’ following the event as unusual. Normalising is accomplished by reference to the indexical ‘it’ and location formulations, which participants use both to negotiate who can claim to experience the ‘unnatural quiet’ and to identify the extent of the quiet. Through their talk participants upgrade the quiet from something legitimately experienced by one person in a particular place to something that could be experienced ‘anywhere’, moving the phenomenon from local to global provenance. With its methodological design and detailed analysis and findings, this research contributes to existing knowledge in four ways. First, it shows how rules are used by participants as a resource in negotiating and constructing social and moral orders. Second, it demonstrates that irony, sarcasm and insults are three devices of humour which can be used to perform solidarity work and reinforce existing social and moral orders. Third, it demonstrates how new social and moral orders are collaboratively constructed in relation to extraordinary events, which serve to frame the event and evoke reasonable responses for participants. And last, the detailed analysis and findings further support the use of conversation analysis and membership categorization as valuable methods for approaching quasi-synchronous computer-mediated communication.

Teenager loner in a chat room tangled up in guile and guilability : a review

ADAM Cass's I Love You, Bro is an engaging portrayal of just how far some young people can go in constructing fantasy worlds online. The play is, according to Cass, based on the case of two teenage boys in Britain in the early 2000s. Troubled teen Johnny lives at home with his mother and her new partner. Lurking in an online chat room one day, he strikes up a conversation with MarkyMark, a slightly older soccer-playing boy from the popular crowd in his own local town, who mistakes him for a girl. The plot unfolds from this one moment of mistaken identity. Johnny concocts an increasingly tenuous series of characters, plot twists and intrigues to try to maintain his relationship with MarkyMark and deal with the lie at the heart of his first love, eventually conspiring - as he tells us from the first moment - to cause his own murder.

The Chronic Heart-Failure Assistance by Telephone (CHAT) Study: Assessment of Telephone Support for Vulnerable Patients with Chronic Disease

Aim: To determine whether telephone support using an evidence-based protocol for chronic heart failure (CHF) management will improve patient outcomes and will reduce hospital readmission rates in patients without access to hospital-based management programs. Methods: The rationale and protocol for a cluster-design randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a semi-automated telephone intervention for the management of CHF, the Chronic Heart-failure Assistance by Telephone (CHAT) Study is described. Care is coordinated by trained cardiac nurses located in Heartline, the national call center of the National Heart Foundation of Australia in partnership with patients’ general practitioners (GPs). Conclusions: The CHAT Study model represents a potentially cost-effective and accessible model for the Australian health system in caring for CHF patients in rural and remote areas. The system of care could also be readily adapted for a range of chronic diseases and health systems. Key words: chronic disease management; chronic heart failure; integrated health care systems; nursing care, rural health services; telemedicine; telenursing

Cost efficiency v quality service : using CHAT as a tool for understanding change and transformation in work practices

This chapter provides an analysis of feedback from key stakeholders, collected as part of a research project, on the problems and tensions evident in the collective work practices of learning advisers employed in learning assistance services at an Australian metropolitan university (Peach, 2003). The term 'learning assistance' is used in the Australian higher education sector generally to refer to student support services that include assistance with academic writing and other study skills. The aim of the study was to help learning advisers and other key stakeholders develop a better understanding of the work activity with a view to using this understanding to generate improvements in service provision. Over twenty problems and associated tensions were identified through stakeholder feedback however the focus of this chapter is the analysis of tensions related to a cluster of problems referred to as cost-efficiency versus quality service. Theoretical modelling derived from the tools made available through cultural historical activity theory and expansive visibilsation (Engestrom and Miettinen, 1999) and excerpts from data are used to illustrate how different understandings of the purpose of learning assistance services impacts on the work practices of learning advisers and creates problems and tensions in relation to the type of service available (including use of technology),level of service available, and learning adviser workload.

Telephone support to rural and remote patients with heart failure : the Chronic Heart failure Assessment by Telephone (CHAT) study

Background Heart failure (HF) remains a condition with high morbidity and mortality. We tested a telephone support strategy to reduce major events in rural and remote Australians with HF, who have limited healthcare access. Telephone support comprised an interactive telecommunication software tool (TeleWatch) with follow-up by trained cardiac nurses. Methods Patients with a general practice (GP) diagnosis of HF were randomised to usual care (UC) or UC and telephone support intervention (UC+I) using a cluster design involving 143 GPs throughout Australia. Patients were followed for 12 months. The primary end-point was the Packer clinical composite score. Secondary end-points included hospitalisation for any cause, death or hospitalisation, as well as HF hospitalisation. Results Four hundred and five patients were randomised into CHAT. Patients were well matched at baseline for key demographic variables. The primary end-point of the Packer Score was not different between the two groups (P=0.98), although more patients improved with UC+I. There were fewer patients hospitalised for any cause (74 versus 114, adjusted HR 0.67 [95% CI 0.50-0.89], p=0.006) and who died or were hospitalised (89 versus 124, adjusted HR 0.70 [95% CI 0.53 – 0.92], p=0.011), in the UC+I vs UC group. HF hospitalisations were reduced with UC+I (23 versus 35, adjusted HR 0.81 [95% CI 0.44 – 1.38]), although this was not significant (p=0.43). There were 16 deaths in the UC group and 17 in the UC+I group (p=0.43). Conclusions Although no difference was observed in the primary end-point of CHAT (Packer composite score), UC+I significantly reduced the number of HF patients hospitalised amongst a rural and remote cohort. These data suggest that telephone support may be an efficacious approach to improve clinical outcomes in rural and remote HF patients.

Using cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) to study the relationship between school leadership and organisational change

This study aimed to identify how school leaders’ practices influence department activities during school transformation. The method used to explore emerging disturbances and contradictions within and between school departments was based on Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT). The findings show that in order to implement educational changes in schools successfully, leaders should promote the change they envision as being highly consistent with the current collective identity (shared object) of the departments. From this perspective, the systemic components of the school departments are given a sense of preservation and continuity, rather than loss.

Sustitución de la fuente proteica en dietas para camarón en etapa juvenil (Litopenaeus vannamei), utilizando harina de carne y hueso como sustituto parcial de la harina de pescado

Sustitución de la fuente proteica en dietas para camarón en etapa juvenil ( Litopenaeus vannamci ), . utilizando harina de carne y hueso como sustituto parcial de la harina de pescado. Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto dé cuatro niveles de sustitución de la fuente proteica de la harina de pescado, por la harina de carne y hueso se realizó el presente experimento a través de un diseño completamente aleatorio con 5 tratamientos, 0, 15, 25, 35 y .45 % de proteína bruta de sustitución para los tratamientos T0, T1, T2, T3 y T4 respectivamente, compuesto de 3 repeticiones para cada uno de ellos. Las raciones fueron isoproteica e isocalóricas y se estudiaron las siguientes variables: Tasa de crecimiento, tasa de consumo de alimento, tasa de conversión alimenticia, tasa de sobrevivencia y análisis costo beneficios. La tasa de crecimiento obtenida fueron de: 0.18, 0.20, 0.21, 0.16 y 0.13 gr/semana. Los resultados mostraron que existe diferencia significativa en la tasa de crecimiento entre los tratamientos Tl, T2 vs. T4. Encontrándose que los que pueden sustituir parcialmente la harina de pescado son los tratamientos Tl y T2, con 15 y 25% de sustitución de la proteína bruta de la harina de pescado por la harina de carne y hueso y con peso de 0.20 y 0.21 gr/semana, el que presento mayor consumo de alimento fue el tratamiento T1, con 0.58 gr, siguiéndole en orden de importancia los tratamientos T0, T2. T3 y T4, con 055 gr: 0.52 gr: 0.51 gr y 0.46 gr respectivamente, no existiendo diferencia significativa contra el T0. La conversión alimenticia obtenidas en los diferentes tratamientos fueron de: 3.41; 3.35; 2.96; 3.52 y 3.81 para los tratamientos T0. T1, T2, T3 y T4 respectivamente. no encontrándose diferencia significativa entre ellos. La sobrevivencia obtenida fue de 85.56%. El análisis económico encontró que la dieta más barata fue la del tratamiento T4, Con un costo de C$0.03425 centavos de córdobas por gramos de alimentos y con una utilidad de C$0.41.

Crecimiento y desarrollo juvenil de cinco filiales de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus Britt et Rose) a partir de semilla botánica

La presente investigación se realizó de febrero a noviembre de 1998, en los campos del Programa Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses (REGEN) adscrito a la UNA, ubicado en Managua. Se realizó con el objetivo de obtener y brindar información sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo juvenil de cinco híbridos de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus) a partir de semilla botánica. El diseño utilizado fue un bifactorial completamente al azar (DCA). Se evaluaron 17 descriptores o variables, de las cuales siete fueron cuantitativas y diez cualitativas. A las variables cuantitativas se les realizó análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias de acuerdo a la prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan al 5 %; y para las variables cualitativas se utilizó el valor modal en cada una de ellas, como valor predominante en su comportamiento. En general, el comportamiento de las variables cualitativas fue bastante similar entre cada una de ellas, sin embargo hubieron diferencias en cuanto a la germinación y el número de aristas intravainas, influenciados principalmente por el sustrato número dos, dado su alto contenido de materia orgánica. Respecto a las variables cuantitativas, la variable altura de planta o crecimiento presentó un comportamiento bastante similar entre los híbridos, superado ligeramente sólo por el híbrido dos fundamentalmente en la etapa final que resultó ser el mejor de ellos. En cuanto al número de aristas fue evidente que estuvo determinado por efectos genéticos, por cuanto predominaron los de cuatro aristas; finalmente en cuanto al peso fresco y seco el híbrido cinco presentó los mejores valores seguido del híbrido tres.

Rendimiento y calidad de las interacciones sociocognitivas en díadas que trabajan colaborativamente en forma presencial y por chat

Resumen: En este trabajo se examina el rendimiento de estudiantes universitarios en razonamiento formal con y sin interacción social. La muestra N = 83 estuvo conformada por alumnos provenientes de dos universidades (UNMDP y UAA) quienes fueron asignados a dos condiciones: experimental con interacción (n = 40) y grupo control sin interacción (n = 43). El reactivo empleado consistió en una serie de pruebas del Test de Matrices Progresivas escala general y avanzada. Todos los participantes debieron resolver dichas tareas durante varias semanas: primero en forma individual (pretest), luego en forma colectiva presencial y por chat (díadas, condición experimental) y en forma individual (grupo control), y finalmente en forma individual (postest). Se registraron las interacciones que llevaron a cabo los participantes mediante videofilmación y logs del Chat. El rendimiento fue evaluado según la condición asignada: individual o grupal y en los últimos mediante una evaluación interjueces se estableció la calidad de las interacciones. Los resultados corroboran la superioridad de las díadas por sobre la performance individual; la reiteración en la fase de postest de aquellos ítems incorrectamente resueltos en el pretest más el agregado de nuevos ejercicios pusieron de relieve dos zonas de avance o de internalización de los progresos. En cuanto a la calidad de las interacciones, las mismas son coincidentes. Estos resultados abren nuevos interrogantes acerca del conflicto sociocognitivo y su papel para el avance grupal – individual.