Inflammation in disseminated lesions: an analysis of CD4+, CD20+, CD68+, CD31+ and vW+ cells in non-ulcerated lesions of disseminated leishmaniasis

Disseminated leishmaniasis (DL) differs from other clinical forms of the disease due to the presence of many non-ulcerated lesions (papules and nodules) in non-contiguous areas of the body. We describe the histopathology of DL non-ulcerated lesions and the presence of CD4-, CD20-, CD68-, CD31- and von Willebrand factor (vW)-positive cells in the inflamed area. We analysed eighteen biopsies from non-ulcerated lesions and quantified the inflamed areas and the expression of CD4, CD20, CD68, CD31 and vW using Image-Pro software (Media Cybernetics). Diffuse lymphoplasmacytic perivascular infiltrates were found in dermal skin. Inflammation was observed in 3-73% of the total biopsy area and showed a significant linear correlation with the number of vW+ vessels. The most common cells were CD68+ macrophages, CD20+ B-cells and CD4+ T-cells. A significant linear correlation between CD4+ and CD20+ cells and the size of the inflamed area was also found. Our findings show chronic inflammation in all DL non-ulcerated lesions predominantly formed by macrophages, plasmacytes and T and B-cells. As the inflamed area expanded, the number of granulomas and extent of the vascular framework increased. Thus, we demonstrate that vessels may have an important role in the clinical evolution of DL lesions.

The anti-lymphoma activity of APO866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis, is potentialized when used in combination with anti-CD20 antibody.

Abstract APO866 is an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis that exhibits potent anti-lymphoma activity. Rituximab (RTX), an anti-CD20 antibody, kills lymphoma cells by direct apoptosis and antibody- and complement-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicities, and has clinical efficacy in non-Hodgkin cell lymphomas. In the present study, we evaluated whether RTX could potentiate APO866-induced human B-lymphoma cell death and shed light on death-mediated mechanisms associated with this drug combination. We found that RTX significantly increases APO866-induced death in lymphoma cells from patients and lines. Mechanisms include enhancement of autophagy-mediated cell death, activation of caspase 3 and exacerbation of mitochondrial depolarization, but not increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, when compared with those induced by each drug alone. In vivo, combined administration of APO866 with RTX in a laboratory model of human aggressive lymphoma significantly decreased tumor burden and prolonged survival over single-agent treatment. Our study demonstrates that the combination of RTX and APO866 optimizes B-cell lymphoma apoptosis and therapeutic efficacy over both compounds administered separately.

Improving the chance of cure of follicular lymphoma by combining immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy based on anti-CD20 antibodies?

Right ventricular and left ventricular systolic time intervals (RVSTIs and LVSTIs) were measured in normal term and preterm infants from 1 hour to 90 days of life. LVSTIs in both term and preterm infants were similar in the first five days of life. The ratio of left pre-ejection period (LPEP) to left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was lower in preterm infants older than age 5 days. Estimated gestational age had no influence on LVSTI. The ratio of right pre-ejection period (RPEP) to right ventricular ejection time (RVET) was lower in preterm infants (0.32) than in term newborns (0.37). The preterm RPEP/RVET ratio decreased with age, but at a slower rate than in term babies. This was consistent with the lower pulmonary vascular resistance present in preterm infants.

Radioimmunotherapy combined with maintenance anti-CD20 antibody may trigger long-term protective T cell immunity in follicular lymphoma patients.

Growing evidence suggests that the patient's immune response may play a major role in the long-term efficacy of antibody therapies of follicular lymphoma (FL). Particular long-lasting recurrence free survivals have been observed after first line, single agent rituximab or after radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Rituximab maintenance, furthermore, has a major efficacy in prolonging recurrence free survival after chemotherapy. On the other hand, RIT as a single step treatment showed a remarkable capacity to induce complete and partial remissions when applied in recurrence and as initial treatment of FL or given for consolidation. These clinical results strongly suggest that RIT combined with rituximab maintenance could stabilize the high percentages of patients with CR and PR induced by RIT. While the precise mechanisms of the long-term efficacy of these 2 treatments are not elucidated, different observations suggest that the patient's T cell immune response could be decisive. With this review, we discuss the potential role of the patient's immune system under rituximab and RIT and argue that the T cell immunity might be particularly promoted when combining the 2 antibody treatments in the early therapy of FL.

Diabetes and immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a new association with good response to anti-CD20 therapy.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is rarely a component of primary immune dysregulation disorders. We report two cases in which T1D was associated with thrombocytopenia. The first patient, a 13-year-old boy, presented with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), thyroiditis, and, 3 wk later, T1D. Because of severe thrombocytopenia resistant to immunoglobulins, high-dose steroids, and cyclosporine treatment, anti-cluster of differentiation (CD20) therapy was introduced, with consequent normalization of thrombocytes and weaning off of steroids. Three and 5 months after anti-CD20 therapy, levothyroxin and insulin therapy, respectively, were stopped. Ten months after stopping insulin treatment, normal C-peptide and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and markedly reduced anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies were measured. A second anti-CD20 trial for relapse of ITP was initiated 2 yr after the first trial. Anti-GAD antibody levels decreased again, but HbA1c stayed elevated and glucose monitoring showed elevated postprandial glycemia, demanding insulin therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which insulin treatment could be interrupted for 28 months after anti-CD20 treatment. In patient two, thrombocytopenia followed a diagnosis of T1D 6 yr previously. Treatment with anti-CD20 led to normalization of thrombocytes, but no effect on T1D was observed. Concerning the origin of the boys' conditions, several primary immune dysregulation disorders were considered. Thrombocytopenia associated with T1D is unusual and could represent a new entity. The diabetes manifestation in patient one was probably triggered by corticosteroid treatment; regardless, anti-CD20 therapy appeared to be efficacious early in the course of T1D, but not long after the initial diagnosis of T1D, as shown for patient two.

Implication de l'association CD20/CD40 dans la mort cellulaire induite via le CD20

CD20 est une phosphoprotéine transmembranaire exprimée spécifiquement à la surface des lymphocytes B. Malgré les nombreuses études qui ont montré son implication dans le flux calcique, son rôle physiologique est assez mal connu. Cependant, des études récentes ont démontré que CD20 peut jouer un rôle important dans la mort cellulaire. D’ailleurs, le rituximab, un anticorps monoclonal chimérique dirigé contre CD20 humain, a montré son efficacité dans le traitement de nombreuses maladies auto-immunes. Cet anticorps est capable d’induire une profonde déplétion des lymphocytes B, qui va également interférer avec la coopération T et la sécrétion de cytokines. En plus, l’engagement du CD20 à la surface des cellules induit la mort cellulaire, alors que la partie cytoplasmique de cette molécule ne possède pas un motif de mort. Donc, il est possible que cette réponse soit médiée par des molécules qui semblent être associées au CD20 comme CD40. En effet, CD40, une glycoprotéine transmembranaire de type I, est un composant majeur du système immunitaire, dont l’engagement pourrait moduler la fonction cellulaire et même conduire à la mort rapide des cellules B. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire porte sur l’étude de la mort cellulaire induite par un anti-CD20, le rituximab, ainsi que l’étude du rôle de l’association CD20/CD40 dans la mort cellulaire médiée par cet anticorps. Nos résultats montrent que la mort cellulaire induite par le rituximab varie en fonction du type cellulaire et du niveau d’expression du CD20, et que la présence du CD40 à la surface des cellules augmente l’activité de la mort cellulaire induite par le rituximab. En plus, CD20 et CD40 sont associés à la surface cellulaire, et la partie cytoplasmique n’est pas impliquée dans cette association mais semble être importante dans la mort cellulaire induite via CD20.

Estudo da distribuição e quantificação dos linfócitos CD8 e CD20 nas lesões inflamatórias periapicais crônicas

A lesão inflamatória periapical é uma patologia bastante frequente, sendo na maioria dos casos, consequência da cárie dental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as populações linfocitárias CD8+ e CD20+ em lesões inflamatórias periapicais crônicas. Foram utilizadas 90 lesões inflamatórias periapicais. Através da técnica de imunohistoquímica pelo método da estreptoavidina-biotina, utilizou-se os marcadores CD8 e CD20 para identificação dos linfócitos T citotóxicos/supressores e linfócitos B, respectivamente. A contagem das células foi feita em 3 campos microscópicos da lâmina, mantendo-se um aumento de 400 vezes. A média da contagem das células CD8+ foi de 7,72 células para os cistos inflamatórios, enquanto que nos grupos cisto abscedado e abscesso crônico foi 11,25 e 11,62, respectivamente, com diferença estatisticamente significante. A média da contagem das células CD20+ foi 12,19; 11,06 e 12,91 células nos cistos abscedados, cistos inflamatórios e abscessos crônicos, respectivamente, sem diferença estatisticamente significante. As lesões inflamatórias periapicais supuradas apresentaram número maior de linfócitos CD8+ do que as lesões não supuradas e; a presença de supuração e proliferação epitelial nas lesões não interferiu na quantidade de linfócitos CD20+ presentes.

Estudo dos linfócitos CD20, CD8 e CD4 nas hiperplasias inflamatórias e sua relação com a infecção por candida sp

O objetivo do presente estudo é mapear e quantificar as populações de células CD 20, CD 8 e CD 4+ em Hiperplasias inflamatórias (HI) e estabelecer relação com a infecção por Candida sp. Foram utilizados 41 casos de HI do Laboratório de Patologia Bucal da UFRGS. Novos cortes de todos os casos foram submetidos à técnica de coloração do PAS, criando – se 2 grupos: com e sem infecção por Candida sp. Seguiu – se a marcação imunohistoquímica com os anticorpos monoclonais anti CD 20, anti CD 8 e anti CD 4, para se avaliar a localização, a distribuição e quantificação das células positivamente marcadas em 3 campos consecutivos (400x), escolhidos sobre a área de maior concentração do infiltrado inflamatório. Os resultados da recontagem dos campos mostraram que o examinador estava calibrado pelo teste “t”de Student. As células CD 8+ apresentaram localização próxima às hifas de Candida sp. e foram mais numerosas no grupo com infecção (diferença estatisticamente significante p= 732 x 10-20). As células CD 20 e CD 4 positivas não apresentaram relação com a infecção por Candida sp. Concluiu – se que as células CD 8+ apresentaram localização relacionada às hifas de Candida sp., além de uma razão células positivamente marcada/ linfócitos totais estatisticamente mais alta no grupo com infecção por Candida sp.

Anti-CD20 (rituximab) treatment improves atopic eczema

BACKGROUND: Atopic eczema (AE) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous skin lesions, pruritus, and typical histopathologic features. OBJECTIVE: We asked whether depletion of B cells by monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody therapy (rituximab) would improve severe AE. METHODS: Six patients (4 women and 2 men) with severe AE received 2 intravenous applications of rituximab, each 1000 mg, 2 weeks apart. To evaluate the efficacy of rituximab, we monitored clinical parameters (eczema area and severity index, pruritus), total and allergen-specific IgE levels, skin histology, and inflammatory cells and cytokine expression in the skin and peripheral blood before and after therapy. RESULTS: All patients showed an improvement of their skin symptoms within 4 to 8 weeks. The eczema area and severity index significantly decreased (before therapy, 29.4 +/- 4.3; week 8, 8.4 +/- 3.6; P < .001). Histologic alterations such as spongiosis, acanthosis, and dermal infiltrate, including T and B cell numbers, also dramatically improved. However, whereas blood B cells were below detectable levels as a consequence of rituximab administration, skin B cells were reduced by approximately 50% only. Expression of IL-5 and IL-13 was reduced after therapy. Moreover, whereas allergen-specific IgE levels were not altered, we observed a slight reduction in total IgE concentrations in blood. CONCLUSIONS: B cells play a major role in AE pathogenesis. Treatment with an anti-CD20 antibody leads to an impressive improvement of AE in patients with severe disease.

Produção de novos anticorpos Anti-CD20 na forma de FvFc em células de mamíferos

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, 2015.

Cd8+ Tumour-infiltrating Lymphocytes And Cox2 Expression May Predict Relapse In Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

There is an increasing rate of papillary thyroid carcinomas that may never progress to cause symptoms or death. Predicting outcome and determining tumour aggressiveness could help diminish the number of patients submitted to aggressive treatments. We aimed to evaluate whether markers of the immune system response and of tumour-associated inflammation could predict outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients. Retrospective cohort study. We studied 399 consecutive patients, including 325 papillary and 74 follicular thyroid carcinomas. Immune cell markers were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, including tumour-associated macrophages (CD68) and subsets of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD20, CD45RO, GRANZYME B, CD69 and CD25. We also investigated the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in tumour cells and the presence of concurrent lymphocytic infiltration characterizing chronic thyroiditis. Concurrent lymphocytic infiltration characterizing chronic thyroiditis was observed in 29% of the cases. Among all the immunological parameters evaluated, only the enrichment of CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0·001) and expression of COX2 (P =0·01) were associated with recurrence. A multivariate model analysis identified CD8+ TIL/COX2 as independent risk factor for recurrence. A multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional-hazards model adjusted for the presence of concurrent chronic thyroiditis demonstrated that the presence of concurrent chronic thyroiditis had no effect on prognostic prediction mediated by CD8+ TIL and COX2. In conclusion, we suggest the use of a relatively simple pathology tool to help select cases that may benefit of a more aggressive approach sparing the majority of patients from unnecessary procedures.

Primary Cutaneous Blastoid Mantle Cell Lymphoma-Case Report

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) commonly involves extranodal sites, usually as a manifestation of disseminated disease. In rare cases, MCLs may arise as a primary tumor in the skin. Blastoid mantle cell lymphoma (BV-MCL) is a rare variant and has a more aggressive clinical course. The phenotype of BV-MCL is characterized as CD20(+), CD5(+), cyclin D1(+), CD23(-), and CD10(-). Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization shows a characteristic t(11; 14) fusion pattern. We report a case of a BV-MCL arising in skin as primary cutaneous MCL with the characteristic immunophenotype and translocation.