The Cape Horn breed : my experiences as an apprentice in sail in the full-rigged ship "British Isles" as told to P. R. Stephensen /

Mode of access: Internet.

Aquatic insects as target organisms for the study of effects of projected climate change in the British Isles

One of the objectives of the Terrestrial Initiative in Global Environmental Research is to assess the sensitivity of British plant and animal species to climate change. The first phase of the program involved the identification of criteria for selecting species suitable for the study of effects of projected climate change in the British Isles. Apart from shallow ponds, annual temperature ranges of 0 to 25 C in temperate freshwater habitats are narrower than those in most temperate terrestrial habitats. Although freshwater organisms have to exist within a narrower range than their terrestrial equivalents, few species can survive throughout their life cycle over the whole temperature range. Field studies on the effects of natural and artificial thermal discharges into streams and rivers have shown that increases in water temperature affect aquatic insects at both the species and community level. Although field data provide valuable information, a more productive approach is to determine experimentally the requirements of different species. Although there are just over 1850 species of aquatic insects in the British Isles, detailed quantitative information on the relationship between temperature and development of eggs, larvae and pupa is available for relatively few species. One exception is the egg stage of stoneflies (Plecoptera). The range for egg hatching in stoneflies clearly show that some species could be threatened while others could benefit from a defined increase in water temperature as a result of climate change. A critical review of the available data on this group would produce a set of equations that could be used to predict the ecological effects of climate change on this group of indicator species.

Aquatic insects as target organisms for the study of effects of projected climate change in the British Isles

The chief objectives of this brief review are to collate and synthesise quantitative information on the temperature requirements of aquatic insects, and to identify species, and groups of species, that could be useful indicators of climate change and predictors of the ecological effects of change. It arose from the first phase of the Terrestrial Initiative in Global Environmental Research (TIGER), a five-year, NERC Community Programme on the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the science of global change. This phase involved the identification of criteria for selecting species suitable for the study of effects of projected climate change in the British Isles. Field and laboratory studies are reviewed, and criteria for selection of species for future research are suggested. The literature survey shows that no species of aquatic insect can be found to meet all three criteria, but information on the British stoneflies and their eggs already satisfies two of them.

A bibliography of works for the identification of freshwater invertebrates in the British Isles

This bibliography covers the literature up to the end of 1978. The criteria used in the selection of references were that they should aid identification of invertebrates directly; thus, works solely concerned with the taxonomy of a particular group are in general omitted unless they contain a key. Some check-lists are however included where they give current nomenclature. The references are arranged alphabetically within each group and deal mainly with macro-invertebrates but include available keys to some microscopic invertebrates. Internal parasites and hymenopterous parasitoids are omitted. For insects the life stages to which the key applies are given where this is not clear in the reference. A number of keys to non-aquatic stages have been included in the hope that they may prove useful in certain circumstances. In addition, under a general head, latest check-lists are referred to together with bibliographies of algal keys and a guide for the identification of British water plants.

Provisional atlas of the freshwater leeches of the British Isles

Distribution maps were included in the second edition of the F.B.A. Scientific Publication on British freshwater leeches (Mann 1964). When that publication was extensively revised and enlarged to include a review of the literature on the ecology of leeches (Elliott & Mann 1979), it was decided that new maps should be published separately. The original maps were based on 1097 records whereas 4198 records were used for the new maps. The total British Isles list comprises sixteen species, thirteen genera and four families of leeches.