A VLF to UHF propagation model for evaluation of high-speed railway electromagnetic interference in RF monitoring base-stations

Considering that recent european high-speed railway system has a traction power system of kV 50 Hz, which causes electromagnetic emission for the outside world, it is important to dimension the railway system emissions, using a frequency/distance dependent propagation model. This paper presents an enhanced theoretical model for VLF to UHF propagation, railway system oriented. It introduces the near field approach (crucial in low frequency propagation) and also considers the source characteristics and type of measuring antenna. Simulations are presented, and comparisons are set with earlier far field models. Using the developed model, a real case study was performed in partnership with Refer Telecom (portuguese telecom operator for railways). The new propagation model was used in order to predict the future high-speed railway electromagnetic emissions in the Lisbon north track. The results show the model's prediction capabilities and also its applicability to realistic scenarios.

Smart antennas in software radio base stations

The application of adaptive antenna techniques to fixed-architecture base stations has been shown to offer wide-ranging benefits, including interference rejection capabilities or increased coverage and spectral efficiency.Unfortunately, the actual implementation ofthese techniques to mobile communication scenarios has traditionally been set back by two fundamental reasons. On one hand, the lack of flexibility of current transceiver architectures does not allow for the introduction of advanced add-on functionalities. On the other hand, theoften oversimplified models for the spatiotemporal characteristics of the radio communications channel generally give rise toperformance predictions that are, in practice, too optimistic. The advent of software radio architectures represents a big step toward theintroduction of advanced receive/transmitcapabilities. Thanks to their inherent flexibilityand robustness, software radio architecturesare the appropriate enabling technology for theimplementation of array processing techniques.Moreover, given the exponential progression ofcommunication standards in coexistence andtheir constant evolution, software reconfigurabilitywill probably soon become the only costefficientalternative for the transceiverupgrade. This article analyzes the requirementsfor the introduction of software radio techniquesand array processing architectures inmultistandard scenarios. It basically summarizesthe conclusions and results obtained withinthe ACTS project SUNBEAM,1 proposingalgorithms and analyzing the feasibility ofimplementation of innovative and softwarereconfigurablearray processing architectures inmultistandard settings.

A Key Management Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with Multiple Base Stations

Most of the proposed key management protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the literature assume that a single base station is used and that the base station is trustworthy. However, there are applications in which multiple base stations are used and the security of the base stations must be considered. This paper investigates a key management protocol in wireless sensor networks which include multiple base stations. We consider the situations in which both the base stations and the sensor nodes can be compromised. The proposed key management protocol, mKeying, includes two schemes, a key distribution scheme, mKeyDist, supporting multiple base stations in the network, and a key revocation scheme, mKeyRev, used to efficiently remove the compromised nodes from the network. Our analyses show that the proposed protocol is efficient and secure against the compromise of the base stations and the sensor nodes.

Feasibility of future epidemiological studies on possible health effects of mobile phone base stations

The increasing deployment of mobile communication base stations led to an increasing demand for epidemiological studies on possible health effects of radio frequency emissions. The methodological challenges of such studies have been critically evaluated by a panel of scientists in the fields of radiofrequency engineering/dosimetry and epidemiology. Strengths and weaknesses of previous studies have been identified. Dosimetric concepts and crucial aspects in exposure assessment were evaluated in terms of epidemiological studies on different types of outcomes. We conclude that in principle base station epidemiological studies are feasible. However, the exposure contributions from all relevant radio frequency sources have to be taken into account. The applied exposure assessment method should be piloted and validated. Short to medium term effects on physiology or health related quality of life are best investigated by cohort studies. For long term effects, groups with a potential for high exposure need to first be identified; for immediate effect, human laboratory studies are the preferred approach.

Analysis of the lateral diffuse metal-oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) power amplifier for cellular base stations

The primary purpose of this thesis was to present a theoretical large-signal analysis to study the power gain and efficiency of a microwave power amplifier for LS-band communications using software simulation. Power gain, efficiency, reliability, and stability are important characteristics in the power amplifier design process. These characteristics affect advance wireless systems, which require low-cost device amplification without sacrificing system performance. Large-signal modeling and input and output matching components are used for this thesis. Motorola's Electro Thermal LDMOS model is a new transistor model that includes self-heating affects and is capable of small-large signal simulations. It allows for most of the design considerations to be on stability, power gain, bandwidth, and DC requirements. The matching technique allows for the gain to be maximized at a specific target frequency. Calculations and simulations for the microwave power amplifier design were performed using Matlab and Microwave Office respectively. Microwave Office is the simulation software used in this thesis. The study demonstrated that Motorola's Electro Thermal LDMOS transistor in microwave power amplifier design process is a viable solution for common-source amplifier applications in high power base stations. The MET-LDMOS met the stability requirements for the specified frequency range without a stability-improvement model. The power gain of the amplifier circuit was improved through proper microwave matching design using input/output-matching techniques. The gain and efficiency of the amplifier improve approximately 4dB and 7.27% respectively. The gain value is roughly .89 dB higher than the maximum gain specified by the MRF21010 data sheet specifications. This work can lead to efficient modeling and development of high power LDMOS transistor implementations in commercial and industry applications.

TTCN testing of WCDMA base station operation and maintenance software

TTCN-kieltä käytetään testitapausten määrittelemiseen tietoliikennejärjestelmissä. Nykyään TTCN:stä on tullut yhä suositumpi tapa toteuttaa testitapauksia. TTCN tarjoaa hyvän ja yksinkertaisen tavan muuntaa käsin testattavat testitapaukset automatisoiduiksi. Tämän diplomityön yhteydessä toteutettiin TTCN testitapaukset WCDMA -tukiaseman käyttö- ja kunnossapito- (O&M) ohjelmistolle. Ohjelmistoa on käytetty myös toisen sukupolven tukiasemissa, mutta kolmannen sukupolven tukiasemissa sillä on huomattavasti isompi rooli. WCDMA -tukiasemassa O&M käsittelee muun muassa tukiaseman käynnistyksen, virhetilanteet ja valvoo tukiaseman komponentteja. Ensimmäisiä tehtäviä diplomityötä tehdessä oli valita ne testitapaukset, jotka olisivat mahdollisia ja hyödyllisiä toteuttaa TTCN:n avulla. Testitapaukset valittiin valmiina olleista testitapausten kuvauksista. Valitut testitapaukset toteutettiin käyttäen rinnakkaista ja modulaarista TTCN-kieltä ja testattiin WCDMA -tukiasemaa vasten käyttäen TTCN Tester ohjelmistoa. Tämän diplomityön yhteydessä toteutettuja testitapauksia käytetään varmistamaan, että tukiasema voi toipua erilaisista virhetilanteista O&M ohjelmiston avulla. Testitapauksia WCDMA -tukiasemaa vasten ajettaessa varmistetaan myös, että O&M ohjelmisto toimii määrittelyn mukaisesti eri tilanteissa. Toteutetut testi tapaukset korvaavat nykyään käsin testatut O&M testi tapaukset tukiaseman O&M ohjelmistoa testatessa. Automatisoidut testi tapaukset tekevät O&M ohjelmiston testaamisen merkittävästi nopeammaksi ja helpommaksi.

Sistemas de cálculo, análise e operação virtual: interferências de campos elétricos e magnéticos produzidas por estações radio base de acesso múltiplo por divisão de código em banda larga - WCDMA

In this work it was developed mathematical resolutions taking as parameter maximum intensity values for the interference analysis of electric and magnetic fields and was given two virtual computer system that supports families of CDMA and WCDMA technologies. The first family were developed computational resources to solve electric and magnetic field calculations and power densities in Radio Base stations , with the use of CDMA technology in the 800 MHz band , taking into account the permissible values referenced by the Commission International Protection on non-Ionizing Radiation . The first family is divided into two segments of calculation carried out in virtual operation. In the first segment to compute the interference field radiated by the base station with input information such as radio channel power; Gain antenna; Radio channel number; Operating frequency; Losses in the cable; Attenuation of direction; Minimum Distance; Reflections. Said computing system allows to quickly and without the need of implementing instruments for measurements, meet the following calculated values: Effective Radiated Power; Sector Power Density; Electric field in the sector; Magnetic field in the sector; Magnetic flux density; point of maximum permissible exposure of electric field and power density. The results are shown in charts for clarity of view of power density in the industry, as well as the coverage area definition. The computer module also includes folders specifications antennas, cables and towers used in cellular telephony, the following manufacturers: RFS World, Andrew, Karthein and BRASILSAT. Many are presented "links" network access "Internet" to supplement the cable specifications, antennas, etc. . In the second segment of the first family work with more variables , seeking to perform calculations quickly and safely assisting in obtaining results of radio signal loss produced by ERB . This module displays screens representing propagation systems denominated "A" and "B". By propagating "A" are obtained radio signal attenuation calculations in areas of urban models , dense urban , suburban , and rural open . In reflection calculations are present the reflection coefficients , the standing wave ratio , return loss , the reflected power ratio , as well as the loss of the signal by mismatch impedance. With the spread " B" seek radio signal losses in the survey line and not targeted , the effective area , the power density , the received power , the coverage radius , the conversion levels and the gain conversion systems radiant . The second family of virtual computing system consists of 7 modules of which 5 are geared towards the design of WCDMA and 2 technology for calculation of telephone traffic serving CDMA and WCDMA . It includes a portfolio of radiant systems used on the site. In the virtual operation of the module 1 is compute-: distance frequency reuse, channel capacity with noise and without noise, Doppler frequency, modulation rate and channel efficiency; Module 2 includes computes the cell area, thermal noise, noise power (dB), noise figure, signal to noise ratio, bit of power (dBm); with the module 3 reaches the calculation: breakpoint, processing gain (dB) loss in the space of BTS, noise power (w), chip period and frequency reuse factor. Module 4 scales effective radiated power, sectorization gain, voice activity and load effect. The module 5 performs the calculation processing gain (Hz / bps) bit time, bit energy (Ws). Module 6 deals with the telephone traffic and scales 1: traffic volume, occupancy intensity, average time of occupancy, traffic intensity, calls completed, congestion. Module 7 deals with two telephone traffic and allows calculating call completion and not completed in HMM. Tests were performed on the mobile network performance field for the calculation of data relating to: CINP , CPI , RSRP , RSRQ , EARFCN , Drop Call , Block Call , Pilot , Data Bler , RSCP , Short Call, Long Call and Data Call ; ECIO - Short Call and Long Call , Data Call Troughput . As survey were conducted surveys of electric and magnetic field in an ERB , trying to observe the degree of exposure to non-ionizing radiation they are exposed to the general public and occupational element. The results were compared to permissible values for health endorsed by the ICNIRP and the CENELEC .

Análise do desempenho da tecnologia 4G LTE

O objectivo deste trabalho passa pelo desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de simulação dinâmica de recursos rádio em LTE no sentido descendente, com recurso à Framework OMNeT++. A ferramenta desenvolvida permite realizar o planeamento das estações base, simulação e análise de resultados. São descritos os principais aspectos da tecnologia de acesso rádio, designadamente a arquitectura da rede, a codificação, definição dos recursos rádio, os ritmos de transmissão suportados ao nível de canal e o mecanismo de controlo de admissão. Foi definido o cenário de utilização de recursos rádio que inclui a definição de modelos de tráfego e de serviços orientados a pacotes e circuitos. Foi ainda considerado um cenário de referência para a verificação e validação do modelo de simulação. A simulação efectua-se ao nível de sistema, suportada por um modelo dinâmico, estocástico e orientado por eventos discretos de modo a contemplar os diferentes mecanismos característicos da tecnologia OFDMA. Os resultados obtidos permitem a análise de desempenho dos serviços, estações base e sistema ao nível do throughput médio da rede, throughput médio por eNodeB e throughput médio por móvel para além de permitir analisar o contributo de outros parâmetros designadamente, largura de banda, raio de cobertura, perfil dos serviços, esquema de modulação, entre outros. Dos resultados obtidos foi possível verificar que, considerando um cenário com estações base com raio de cobertura de 100 m obteve-se um throughput ao nível do utilizador final igual a 4.69494 Mbps, ou seja, 7 vezes superior quando comparado a estações base com raios de cobertura de 200m.

Técnicas de eficiência energética em redes móveis usando o tráfego como referência

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Optimização da lista de células vizinhas em redes LTE

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Implementação em hardware reconfigurável de método de separação de dados hiperespetrais

Relatório do Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Avaliação do impacto energético resultante da utilização de repetidores em sistema LTE

Actualmente uma grande preocupação global refere-se ao continuo aumento do custo da energia, resultante da procura e do impacto ambiental. A escalada do custo da energia obriga a procura sistemática de melhores sistemas que permitam diminuir esse custo. Nas comunicações móveis sem fios a economia de energia obtida pelo aumento da eficiência do equipamento das estaçõesbase é insuficiente, pelo qual é necessário também encontrar soluções ao nível da arquitectura. O LTE define os repetidores como um recurso de baixo consumo para aumentar a cobertura e ou capacidade da rede. Nesta dissertação é avaliado um método de economia de energia baseado na substituição de uma estação-base central, circundada por outras estações-base, por um determinado número de repetidores. A cobertura e a capacidade resultante é avaliada assim como a energia poupada. Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar que se pode poupar até 1 000,00 € anuais e 20 kW diários com a substituição de uma estação-base, completamente rodeada por outras estações, por um número de repetidores compreendido entre 1 e 9 dependendo da ISD (até 1750 m). Verifica-se ainda um ganho de eficiência energética de até 13% ao nível do sistema.

Planeamento de rede LTE de baixo custo com uso de repetidor

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Implementation of a Campus wide DGPS Data Server

Although the Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) Global Positioning System (GPS) is, de facto, the standard positioning system used in outdoor navigation, it does not provide, per se, all the features required to perform many outdoor navigational tasks. The accuracy of the GPS measurements is the most critical issue. The quest for higher position readings accuracy led to the development, in the late nineties, of the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The differential GPS method detects the range errors of the GPS satellites received and broadcasts them. The DGPS/GPS receivers correlate the DGPS data with the GPS satellite data they are receiving, granting users increased accuracy. DGPS data is broadcasted using terrestrial radio beacons, satellites and, more recently, the Internet. Our goal is to have access, within the ISEP campus, to DGPS correction data. To achieve this objective we designed and implemented a distributed system composed of two main modules which are interconnected: a distributed application responsible for the establishment of the data link over the Internet between the remote DGPS stations and the campus, and the campus-wide DGPS data server application. The DGPS data Internet link is provided by a two-tier client/server distributed application where the server-side is connected to the DGPS station and the client-side is located at the campus. The second unit, the campus DGPS data server application, diffuses DGPS data received at the campus via the Intranet and via a wireless data link. The wireless broadcast is intended for DGPS/GPS portable receivers equipped with an air interface and the Intranet link is provided for DGPS/GPS receivers with just a RS232 DGPS data interface. While the DGPS data Internet link servers receive the DGPS data from the DGPS base stations and forward it to the DGPS data Internet link client, the DGPS data Internet link client outputs the received DGPS data to the campus DGPS data server application. The distributed system is expected to provide adequate support for accurate (sub-metric) outdoor campus navigation tasks. This paper describes in detail the overall distributed application.

Distributed Linear Precoding and User Selection in Coordinated Multicell Systems

In this manuscript we tackle the problem of semidistributed user selection with distributed linear precoding for sum rate maximization in multiuser multicell systems. A set of adjacent base stations (BS) form a cluster in order to perform coordinated transmission to cell-edge users, and coordination is carried out through a central processing unit (CU). However, the message exchange between BSs and the CU is limited to scheduling control signaling and no user data or channel state information (CSI) exchange is allowed. In the considered multicell coordinated approach, each BS has its own set of cell-edge users and transmits only to one intended user while interference to non-intended users at other BSs is suppressed by signal steering (precoding). We use two distributed linear precoding schemes, Distributed Zero Forcing (DZF) and Distributed Virtual Signalto-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (DVSINR). Considering multiple users per cell and the backhaul limitations, the BSs rely on local CSI to solve the user selection problem. First we investigate how the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime and the number of antennas at the BSs impact the effective channel gain (the magnitude of the channels after precoding) and its relationship with multiuser diversity. Considering that user selection must be based on the type of implemented precoding, we develop metrics of compatibility (estimations of the effective channel gains) that can be computed from local CSI at each BS and reported to the CU for scheduling decisions. Based on such metrics, we design user selection algorithms that can find a set of users that potentially maximizes the sum rate. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed metrics and algorithms for different configurations of users and antennas at the base stations.