977 resultados para Articulação atlanto-axial
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O objetivo nesta pesquisa consiste em fazer um trabalho de prevenção junto às instituições APAE (Associação de Pais e Amigos de Excepcionais) e ASIN (Associação de síndrome de Down), ambas de São José dos Campos e ASPAD (Associação de Pais e Amigos de síndrome de Down) de Jacareí, orientando e avaliando sobre a presença ou não da instabilidade atlanto-axial (IAA), assim como verificar a prevalência dessa anormalidade nesses indivíduos. Foram convidados a participar do projeto todos os indivíduos das três instituições de assistência à SD, tendo formado uma amostra com 68 indivíduos, com idades entre 2 a 34 anos, sendo 39 do sexo masculino e 29 do feminino. Foram realizadas radiografias da coluna cervical nas posições de extensão, flexão e neutra, para as quais todos os responsáveis assinaram termo de consentimento. A verificação da IAA foi feita pela análise da distância atlanto-odontóide (DAO), utilizando o programa Radiocef, com uma ferramenta criada para isso. A DAO foi analisada nas três incidências, e era considerada a presença de IAA desde que o indivíduo apresentasse valores ?4,5mm em pelo menos uma dessas posições. Após a realização dos testes estatísticos e análise dos resultados, concluímos que a prevalência de IAA foi de 22,1% dos indivíduos, com valores DAO entre 4,5 e 8,83mm, tendo sido mais prevalente nos indivíduos do sexo masculino do que feminino, assim como nas crianças do que nos jovens e adultos. Foi possível verificar também que, a posição de flexão apresentou maior prevalência de IAA, mas que ela não deve sobrepor às posições de extensão e neutra, pois pode omitir casos ausentes em flexão, mas presentes nas outras posições. Dessa forma, foi realizado o trabalho de prevenção com a avaliação da IAA por meio da realização dos exames radiográficos em que os laudos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of atlanto-axial rotatory subluxations (AARS) in multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) performed on human corpses for forensic purposes and to investigate whether these are a physiological postmortem finding or indicate a trauma to the neck region. 80 forensic cases examined with MDCT from November 2003 to March 2007 were included in the study. The study was approved by the regional ethics committee. For each case volumes were rendered and investigated with reference to suspected AARS and any other anomalies of the head and neck region. The rotation of the head as well as in the atlanto-axial joint were measured and occurring AARS were judged according Fielding's classification. The finding of AARS was correlated to case criteria such as postmortem head rotation, sex, age, cause of death, time since death and further autopsy results. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon's rank sums test and Chi-square test with Pearson approximation. 70% (n=56) of the cases included in the study presented with an AARS. A strong correlation (P<.0001) between suspected AARS and postmortem head rotation was found. Two cases presented with an atlanto-axial rotation greater than the head rotation. One showed an undiscovered lateral dislocation of the atlas, and one an unfused atlas-ring. There was no correlation to any further investigated case criteria. Ipsilateral AARS with head rotation alone does not indicate trauma to the neck. PmCT can substantially support forensic examinations of the skeleton, especially in body regions, which are elaborate to access at autopsy, such as the cervical spine. Isolated AARS (Fielding type I) on pmCT is usually a normal finding associated with ipsilateral head rotation.
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OBJETIVO: Análise retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes com instabilidade C1-C2 de causas traumáticas e não-traumáticas, submetidos à artrodese C1-C2. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de prontuários de 20 pacientes do ambulatório de coluna do IOT-HCFMUSP com idades entre 7 e 83 anos (média de 43 anos), de ambos os sexos. Os parâmetros radiográficos para instabilidade foram baseados na medida do intervalo atlanto-axial superior a 3 mm em adultos e a 5 mm em crianças, utilizando-se medidas obtidas através de radiografia simples analisada no perfil. RESULTADOS: Foram operados 20 pacientes com instabilidade cervical alta, a maioria de origem traumática. A técnica cirúrgica mais utilizada foi a artrodese descrita por Magerl. Não foram observadas lesões vasculares. Foi registrada complicação infecciosa em dois pacientes. Obteve-se uma taxa de consolidação da artrodese de 85% e não foram necessárias cirurgias de revisão. CONCLUSÃO: Todas as técnicas utilizadas produziram a consolidação óssea satisfatória e foram excelentes para controlar a instabilidade atlanto-axial.
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Descrevem-se 6 surtos de lesões orofaríngeas em ovinos causadas por pistolas para administração oral de anti-helmínticos. Em 2 surtos ocorridos no Rio Grande do Sul, com morbidade de 6,25% e 15% as lesões ocorreram em ovinos de diferentes idades após o tratamento anti-helmíntico. Caracterizaram-se por fístulas que se estendiam através dos tecidos moles desde a boca até a pele da face. Todos os animais morreram ou foram eutanasiados após perda contínua de peso após um curso clínico de até 8 meses. Outro surto nesse mesmo Estado, com uma morbidade de 7,22% caracterizou-se por lesões de edema maligno originadas por traumatismos causados na mucosa oral durante a administração de melaço. Todos os animais morreram em 10 dias após o tratamento. No quarto surto observado no Rio Grande do Sul, houve uma ovelha adulta afetada, de um total de 88, que apresentou severa hemorragia pelo nariz e pela boca 8 dias após ter sido tratada oralmente com anti-helmíntico. Na necropsia apresentava aumento de volume pela face interna da mandíbula do lado direito e bochecha cuja mucosa estava ulcerada, com um coágulo e secreção purulenta com formação de fístula que se estendia pelos tecidos moles em direção ao globo ocular. Dois surtos ocorreram no Estado de Goiás, 16-20 dias após o tratamento oral com anti-helmínticos em cordeiros de 5-9 meses de idade. A morbidade foi de 11,43% e 15,62% e mortalidade de 7,14% e 9,38%. Os animais apresentaram, principalmente, sinais nervosos, causados por abscessos que variavam de 0,5-3cm de diâmetro, contendo exsudato purulento amarelado no seu interior, localizados na orofaringe, palato mole e musculatura esquelética adjacente estendendo-se às meninges através da articulação atlanto-occipital. Meningite não-purulenta foi observada histologicamente. Alerta-se para a necessidade de utilização de pistolas em boas condições e prestar atenção no momento do tratamento oral com anti-helmínticos para evitar ferimentos na orofaringe de ovinos.
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We describe the multidisciplinary findings in a pre-Columbian mummy head from Southern Peru (Cahuachi, Nazca civilisation, radiocarbon dating between 120 and 750 AD) of a mature male individual (40-60 years) with the first two vertebrae attached in pathological position. Accordingly, the atlanto-axial transition (C1/C2) was significantly rotated and dislocated at 38° angle associated with a bulging brownish mass that considerably reduced the spinal canal by circa 60%. Using surface microscopy, endoscopy, high-resolution multi-slice computer tomography, paleohistology and immunohistochemistry, we identified an extensive epidural hematoma of the upper cervical spinal canal-extending into the skull cavity-obviously due to a rupture of the left vertebral artery at its transition between atlas and skull base. There were no signs of fractures of the skull or vertebrae. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations clearly identified dura, brain residues and densely packed corpuscular elements that proved to represent fresh epidural hematoma. Subsequent biochemical analysis provided no evidence for pre-mortal cocaine consumption. Stable isotope analysis, however, revealed significant and repeated changes in the nutrition during his last 9 months, suggesting high mobility. Finally, the significant narrowing of the rotational atlanto-axial dislocation and the epidural hematoma probably caused compression of the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata with subsequent respiratory arrest. In conclusion, we suggest that the man died within a short period of time (probably few minutes) in an upright position with the head rotated rapidly to the right side. In paleopathologic literature, trauma to the upper cervical spine has as yet only very rarely been described, and dislocation of the vertebral bodies has not been presented.
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OBJECTIVES To evaluate the stabilizing function of atlanto-axial ligaments in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric biomechanical study. ANIMALS Beagle dog cadavers (n = 10). METHODS The craniocervical region was collected from 10 Beagle cadavers, and the occipito-atlanto-axial region was prepared and freed from the surrounding muscles. Care was taken to preserve integrity of the atlantoaxial ligaments and atlantoaxial joint capsule. The atlanto-occipital joints were blocked with 2 diverging transarticular 1.8 mm positive threaded K-wires. Specimen extremities were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and mounted on a simulator testing shear load at the atlantoaxial joint. Range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) were determined with all ligaments intact, after cutting the apical ligament, both alar ligaments, the transverse ligaments and finally after cutting the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament. RESULTS ROM increased similarly and stepwise during testing. The most significant increase was observed after transection of the alar ligaments. CONCLUSION The alar ligaments seem to be the most important ligamentous structures for stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint under shear load.
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The biomechanical properties of the atlanto-axial joint in a young Yorkshire Terrier dog with spontaneous atlantoaxial instability were compared to those of another young toy breed dog with a healthy atlantoaxial joint. The range-of-motion was increased in flexion and lateral bending in the unstable joint. In addition, lateral bending led to torsion and dorsal dislocation of the axis within the atlas. On gross examination, the dens ligaments were absent and a longitudinal tear of the tectorial membrane was observed. These findings suggest that both ventral and lateral flexion may lead to severe spinal cord compression, and that the tectorial membrane may play a protective role in some cases of atlantoaxial instability.
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There is evidence in the literature for both a congenital and a post-traumatic aetiology for os odontoideum. In no series published to date has CT been used to aid in the diagnosis. This is a prospective study of the history of trauma and presence of diagnostic features on CT of 18 consecutive cases with os odontoideum. Our objective was to derive clinically useful radiological features enabling accurate differentiation between congenital and post-traumatic aetiologies. A mid-sagittal CT reconstruction of the atlanto-dens joint was obtained. Hypertrophy of the anterior arch of the atlas was quantified by measurement of the arch-peg-area ratio. The presence of dysplastic features (a positive jigsaw sign) of the atlanto-axial joint were noted. These included narrowing of the cartilage space and interdigitation of the two joint surfaces. A history of a potential traumatic aetiology was only obtained in one of the 18 (6%) in our series. A significant elevation of the arch-peg ratio was found when comparing this series to 85 controls. And a positive jigsaw sign was observed in 75% of cases. These features were not seen in paediatric cases of atlanto-axial instability, including odontoid non-union. In conclusion, an elevated arch-peg ratio and the presence of a jigsaw sign are sensitive and specific diagnostic criteria for os odontoideum. This series supports a congenital aetiology for this condition.
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Neste artigo são discutidos aspectos relacionados à seleção e organização dos conteúdos a serem abordados durante e após visitas a laboratórios de pesquisa em física. Utilizando como exemplo o trabalho de divulgação realizado no acelerador de partículas Pelletron (Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo), com alunos do ensino médio, procuramos identificar elementos que podem orientar o desenvolvimento de propostas escolares organizadas a partir de visitas a centros de pesquisa. Nesse sentido, destaca-se o potencial dessas visitas para a realização de discussões sobre as relações entre Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade e a importância do estabelecimento de vínculos com o conteúdo escolar
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The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer; this gene is mutated in up to 50% of human tumors. It has a critical role in the cell cycle, apoptosis and cell senescence, and it participates in many crucial physiological and pathological processes. Polymorphisms of p53 have been suggested to be associated with genetically determined susceptibility in various types of cancer. Another process involved with the development and progression of tumors is DNA hypermethylation. Aberrant methylation of the promoter is an alternative epigenetic change in genetic mechanisms, leading to tumor suppressor gene inactivation. In the present study, we examined the TP53 Arg72Pro and Pro47Ser polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP and the pattern of methylation of the p53 gene by methylation-specific PCR in 90 extra-axial brain tumor samples. Patients who had the allele Pro of the TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism had an increased risk of tumor development ( odds ratio, OR = 3.23; confidence interval at 95%, 95% CI = 1.71-6.08; P = 0.003), as did the allele Ser of TP53 Pro47Ser polymorphism (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 0.03-2.10; P = 0.01). Comparison of overall survival of patients did not show significant differences. In the analysis of DNA methylation, we observed that 37.5% of meningiomas, 30% of schwannomas and 52.6% of metastases were hypermethylated, suggesting that methylation is important for tumor progression. We suggest that TP53 Pro47Ser and Arg72Pro polymorphisms and DNA hypermethylation are involved in susceptibility for developing extra-axial brain tumors.