Loss of single HLA class I allospecificities in melanoma cells due to selective genomic abbreviations.

Expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) Class I molecules is essential for the recognition of malignant melanoma (MM) cells by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. A complete or partial loss of HLA Class I molecules is a potent strategy for MM cells to escape from immunosurveillance. In 2 out of 55 melanoma cell cultures we identified a complete phenotypic loss of HLA allospecificities. Both patients have been treated unsuccessfully with HLA-A2 peptides. To identify the reasons underlying the loss of single HLA-A allospecificities, we searched for genomic alterations at the locus for HLA Class I alpha-chain on chromosome 6 in melanoma cell cultures established from 2 selected patients with MM in advanced stage. This deficiency was associated with alterations of HLA-A2 gene sequences as determined by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). Karyotyping revealed a chromosomal loss in Patient 1, whereas melanoma cell cultures established from Patient 2 displayed 2 copies of chromosome 6. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using markers located around position 6p21 was detected in both cases. By applying group-specific primer-mixes spanning the 5'-flanking region of the HLA-A2 gene locus the relevant region was amplified by PCR and subsequent sequencing allowed alignment with the known HLA Class I reference sequences. Functional assays using HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T-cell clones were performed in HLA-A2 deficient MM cultures and revealed a drastically reduced susceptibility to CTL lysis in HLA-A2 negative cells. We could document the occurrence of selective HLA-A2 deficiencies in cultured advanced-stage melanoma metastases and identify their molecular causes as genomic alterations within the HLA-A gene locus.

A Hebrew and English and English and Hebrew Dictionary with roots and abbreviations

by Abigail Lindo

Abbreviations of periodicals cited in publications issued by the Technical Information Service, Oak Ridge /

"December 1953."

Dictionary of foreign words and phrases : compiled from English sources and containing foreign words, phrases, mottos, proverbs, place names, titles, allusions and abbreviations from the Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Russian, Hebrew and other foreign languages, together with English equivalents and definitions and a supplement in Greek orthography.

Mode of access: Internet.

The language of the foreign book trade : abbreviations, terms and phrases.

Mode of access: Internet.

The writer's desk book: being a reference volume upon questions of punctuation, capitalization, spelling, division of words, indention, spacing, italics, abbreviations, accents, numerals, faulty diction, letter writing, postal regulations, etc., etc.,

Mode of access: Internet.

Abbreviations and signs, a primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified lists of those in most common use,

"Supplementary reading": p. 41.

List of abbreviations for serial publications used in the fourth series of the Index-catalogue.

Supersedes its Synopsis of style, part 2, 1937.

The main principles of the creed and ethics of the Jews, exhibited in selections from the Yad Hachazakah of Maimonides, with a literal English translation, copious illustrations from the Talmud, &c., explanatory notes, an alphabetical glossary of such particles and technical terms as occur in the selections, and a collection of the abbreviations commonly used in rabbinical writings /

English and Hebrew.

The western practical arithmetic ... containing a great variety of exercises, particularly adapted to the currency of the United States. With an appendix: containing the canceling system, abbreviations in multiplication, mensuration, and the roots. Designed for the use of schools and private students.

Mode of access: Internet.

The union, number five : containing lessons for reading and spelling, with exercises in mental arithmetic, abbreviations, definitions, &c. : being the fifth of a series of spelling and reading books, in six numbers /

At head of title: Angell's union series.

The record interpreter: a collection of abbreviations, Latin words and names used in English historical manuscripts and records.

''An amplification of the Appendix to the ninth edition of Writht's 'Court hand restored' ... brought out in 1879.''--Pref.

The practice of typography; correct composition; a treatise on spelling, abbreviations, the compounding and division of words, the proper use of figures and nummerals,

Mode of access: Internet.

A Dictionary of the German and English languages : indicating the accentuation of every German word, containing several hundred German synonymes, togethjer with a classification and alphabetical list of the irregular verbs, and a list of abbreviations /

pt. 1. German and English -- pt. 2. English and German.

The readable dictionary; or, Topical and synonymic lexicon ... classified by subjects, and arranged according to their affinities of meaning; with accompanying etymologies, definitions, and illustrations. To which are added, I. Lists of foreign terms and phrases ... II. A table of the common abbreviations. III. An alphabetical list of Latin and Greek roots, with derivatives ...

Mode of access: Internet.