Aversive Stimuli and Functional Networks of Fear Learning in PTSD : 734

Background: One characteristic of post traumatic stress disorder is an inability to adapt to a safe environment i.e. to change behavior when predictions of adverse outcomes are not met. Recent studies have also indicated that PTSD patients have altered pain processing, with hyperactivation of the putamen and insula to aversive stimuli (Geuze et al, 2007). The present study examined neuronal responses to aversive and predicted aversive events. Methods: Twenty-four trauma exposed non-PTSD controls and nineteen subjects with PTSD underwent fMRI imaging during a partial reinforcement fear conditioning paradigm, with a mild electric shock as the unconditioned stimuli (UCS). Three conditions were analyzed: actual presentations of the UCS, events when a UCS was expected, but omitted (CS+), and events when the UCS was neither expected nor delivered (CS-). Results: The UCS evoked significant alterations in the pain matrix consisting of the brainstem, the midbrain, the thalamus, the insula, the anterior and middle cingulate and the contralateral somatosensory cortex. PTSD subjects displayed bilaterally elevated putamen activity to the electric shock, as compared to controls. In trials when USC was expected, but omitted, significant activations were observed in the brainstem, the midbrain, the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate. PTSD subjects displayed similar activations, but also elevated activations in the amygdala and the posterior insula. Conclusions: These results indicate altered fear and safety learning in PTSD, and neuronal activations are further explored in terms of functional connectivity using psychophysiological interaction analyses.

Arkistoluettelo 734: Jorma Panula

Luettelo Kansalliskirjastossa olevan Jorma Panulan arkiston sisällöstä

Manual de la ley 734 de 2002 dirigido a los servidores públicos del país no abogados

El lector tiene entre sus manos un manual esencialmente práctico, el interés ha sido sobre todo recopilar y ordenar los datos normativos y jurisprudenciales existentes en nuestro ordenamiento sobre régimen disciplinario de los funcionarios públicos

Procedimientos especiales-Régimen disciplinario Ley 734 de 2002

El Código Disciplinario Único requiere un tratamiento que le permita a los servidores públicos adelantar y fallar con seguridad los procesos disciplinarios, respetando los derechos y garantías que el ordenamiento jurídico otorga a los investigados

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 734 - Notarielles Verfahren einer ausgestellten Quittung an Gottlieb Wilhelm Skerle

u.a.: unterschiedliche Rechtssysteme in Deutschland; Auseinandersetzung mit Karl Labes;