Section 46(1) and 46(1AA) of the TPA : the struggle of the small against the large

The purpose of this article is to highlight the conflict in the policy objectives of subs 46(1) and subs 46(1AA) of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (TPA). The policy objective of subs 46(1) is to promote competition and efficient markets for the benefit of consumers (consumer welfare standard). It does not prohibit corporations with substantial market power using cost savings arising from efficiencies such economies of scale or scope, to undercut small business competitors The policy objective of 46(1AA), on the other hand, is to protect small business operators from price discounting by their larger competitors.. Unlike subs 46(1), it does not contain a ‘taking advantage’ element. It is argued that subs 46(1AA) may harm consumer welfare by having a chilling effect on price competition if this would harm small business competitors.

Asymptomatic hypoechoic regions on patellar tendon ultrasound : a 4-year clinical and ultrasound followup of 46 tendons

Patellar tendon ultrasound appearance is commonly used in clinical practice to diagnose patellar tendinopathy and guide management. Using a longitudinal study design we examined whether or not the presence of a hypoechoic ultrasonographic lesion in an asymptomatic patellar tendon conferred a risk for developing jumper's knee compared with a tendon that was ultrasonographically normal. Ultrasonographic, symptomatic and anthropometric assessment was completed at baseline and followup. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on four tendons that resolved ultrasonographically in the study period. Forty-six patellar tendons were followed over 47 ± 11.8 months. Eighteen tendons were hypoechoic at baseline and 28 were ultrasonographically normal. Five tendons resolved ultrasonographically in the study period. Magnetic resonance imaging in four of these tendons was normal. Seven normal patellar tendons at baseline developed a hypoechoic area but only two became symptomatic. Analysis of ultrasonography at baseline and clinical outcome with Fisher's exact test shows there is no association between baseline ultrasound changes and symptoms at followup. In this study there is no statistically significant relationship between ultrasonographic patellar tendon abnormalities and clinical outcome in elite male athletes. Management of jumper's knee should not be solely based on ultrasonographic appearance; clinical assessment remains the cornerstone of appropriate management.

Access to the Internet Submission to ALRC IP 46

This submission is directed to issues arising in respect of the need to recognise and support access to the internet for all Australian residents and citizens. As such it addresses the following questions only: Questions 2-1: What general principles or criteria should be applied to help determine whether a law that interferes with freedom of speech is justified? Question 2-2: Which Commonwealth laws unjustifiably interfere with freedom of speech, and why are these laws unjustified?

Fair Dealing Exceptions Submission to ALRC IP 46

This submission is directed to issues arising in respect of the need to ensure users are able to access copyright works and as such address the following questions only: Question 6-1: What general principles or criteria should be applied to help determine whether a law that interferes with vested property rights is justified? Question 6-2: Which Commonwealth laws unjustifiably interfere with vested property rights, and why are these laws unjustified?

Submission to ALRC IP 46 – Interim Report 127

In Chapter 6 of IP46, vested property rights are recognised to include “copyright and other intellectual property rights”. For the purposes of the Inquiry “the ALRC [identified it was to consider] ‘vested property rights’ more in its broad, rhetorical sense, than in its technical sense, in which there are distinct shades of meaning of ‘vested’”. However, the Interim Report states that any ‘vested right’ of users of copyright works “has not been identified yet in law”. It is assumed from this that the ALRC is proposing not to further consider the contracting out of the fair dealing exceptions. In light of its prior stated purpose it is submitted this is not appropriate...

Efecto de diferentes dosis de fertilizantes de la fórmula 18-46-0 y densidades de siembra sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris) y la dinámica de las malezas

El presente experimento fue realizado en la Estación Experimental La Compañía, San Marcos, departamento de Carazo, durante la época de postrera del año 1991 con el fin de evaluar el efecto de diferentes dosis de fertilizante y densidades de siembra sobre la cenosis de las malezas, el crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común. Los tratamientos, consistieron en combinar tres dosis de fertilizante de la fórmula 1846-0 (Testigo, 1 y 2 qq/mz de fertilizante) con tres densidades de siembra (15, 30 y 45 semillas/m2). Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajó muestran que bajo las condiciones en las que fue realizado el experimento, la aplicación de 2 qq/mz del fertilizante y una densidad de siembra de 45 semillas/m2, produjo la menor abundancia y cobertura de malezas. A dosis de 1 qq/mz y densidad de 30 semillas/m2 se obtuvo el menor peso seco de malezas. Durante el ciclo del cultivo la mayor diversidad de especies se registró en la clase monocotiledónea. En cuanto al cultivo, aun cuando se observó una ligera tendencia a disminuir el rendimiento a medida que aumentó la dosis de fertilizante aplicada no hubo diferencias. En el caso de las densidades, se obtuvo el mayor número de ramas y vainas con 15 semillas/m2 y el mayor número de plantas, peso de mil granos y rendimiento con 45 semillas/m2, aunque en todos los casos las diferencias fueron mínimas.

Letras, 2002-2003, nº 46-47 (número completo)

Contenido: Resúmenes – Ángel J. Battistessa, 1902-2002 – Un abordaje lingüístico del texto. La sintaxis de la oralidad en “Cae la noche tropical” de Manuel Puig / Norma Carricaburo – Una lectura de los “Cuatro Cuartetos” de T. S. Eliot / Inés de Cassagne – El mundo de la palabra en la comunicación oral: percepción, reconocimiento y acceso al léxico / María Amalia García Jurado – La pluralidad discursiva en la narrativa argentina de las últimas décadas / Luis Martínez Cuitiño – Una perspectiva humanista para el estudio de las letras: los aportes de la fenomenología y la hermenéutica / Graciela Maturo – La acrecibilidad como rasgo genérico y la edición de una crónica medieval en dos versiones / José Luis Moure – Del Siglo de Oro al cine argentino / Saura, Norma – La locución conjuntiva tanto que y la correlación anafórica tanto… que en la subordinación temporal y consecutiva del “Amadís de Gaula” de Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo / Aquilino Suárez Pallasá – Notas – Reseñas bibliográficas