Efecto de la edad de destete y del sistema de alimentación sobre el crecimiento en terneras de lechería

Se efectuó una prueba de alimentación usando el diseño de parcela dividida con un arreglo completamente al azar, con 36 terneras provenientes del cruce Holstein y Pardo Suizo, para comparar el efecto de dos edades de destete 4 y 8 semanas, y tres sistemas de alimentación en el crecimiento de terneras de lecheria. Los tratamientos fueron los siguientes: a) leche integra suministrada en forma gradual y el destete a las 4 semanas; b) leche integra suministrada en forma constante y el destete a las 4 semanas; c) sustituto de leche por 4 semanas; d, e y f, similares a los tratamientos anteriores en lo referente al alimento liquido pero con destete a las 8 semanas. El resto de la racion consistio en alimentos concentrados; iniciador, desarrollo y heno. Desde las 9 a las 20 semanas las terneras pasaron en grupos de seis a corrales comunes. El iniciador suministrado a las terneras de los tratamientos a y d se ofreció a razón de 144 gr. por litro de leche integra, previa disolución en agua, y el iniciador que consumieron las terneras de los tratamientos c y f se administro a razón de 0.90 kg hasta el destete. El concentrado de desarrollo se ofreció a los tratamientos a, b, d y a donde la 1 a las 20 semanas y en los tratamientos c y f después del destete hasta alcanzar un máximo de 2.7 kg. Todos los tratamientos tuvieron a disposición a partir del destete heno de estrella (Cynodon sp). La ganancia de peso vivo promedio total, de 66.48 kg obtenida por las terneras del tratamiento e, fue similar a las de 56.84, 50.74, 53.72 y 55.53 kg logradas por las terneras de los tratamientos b, c,d y f, pero significativamente diferente (P<0.05), a 43.42 kg alcanzada por las terneras del tratamiento a. El promedio de ganancias de peso vivo por día desde la 1 hasta las 20 semanas de edad fue 0.31, 0.41, 0.36, 0.38, 0.47 y 0.40 kg para los tratamientos a al f respectivamente. La mayor ganancia promedio en altura a la cruz 20.32 cm lograda por las terneras del tratamiento II fue similar a la de 17.97 cm obtenida por las terneras del tratamiento III, pero significativamente diferentes (P<0.01), con la de 15.94 cm alcanzada por las terneras del sistema I. El promedio de ganancia en perímetro toraxico fue 22.23, 27.30, 26.29, 26.29, 30.35 y 26.29 cm para los tratamientos a al f respectivamente. Estas ganancias no fueron significativas (P<0.05). Los costos totales de alimentación por ternera desde la 1 hasta las 20 semanas fueron 245.98, 315.74, 283.41, 318.41, 457.48 y 335.33 córdobas para los tratamientos a al f respectivamente. Los costos correspondientes por kg de aumento en peso vivo, fueron 5.67, 5.55, 5.59, 5.93, 6.88 y 6.04 respectivamente.

Multiplant strategy under core-periphery structure

A typical implicit assumption on monopolistic competition models for trade and economic geography is that firms can produce and sell only at one place. This paper fallows endogenous determination of the number of plants in a new economic geography model and examine the stable outcomes of organization choice between single-plant and multi-plant in two regions. We explicitly consider the firms' trade-off between larger economies of scale under single plant configuration and the saving in interregional transport costs under multi-plant configuration. We show that organization change arises under decreasing transportation costs and observe several organization configurations under a generalized cost function.

Cross-cultural differences in self-reported decision-making style and confidence

The Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (Mann, Burnett, Radford, & Ford, 1997) measures selfreported decision-making coping patterns. The questionnaire was administered to samples of University students in the US (N = 475), Australia (N = 262), New Zealand (N = 260), Japan (N = 359), Hong Kong (N = 281), and Taiwan (N = 414). As predicted, students from the three Western, individualistic cultures (US, Australia, and New Zealand) were more con® dent of their decision-making ability than students from the three East Asian, group-oriented cultures (Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan). No cross-cultural differences were found in scores on decision vigilance (a careful decision-making style). However, compared with Western students, the Asian students tended to score higher on buck-passing and procrastination (avoidant styles of decision making) as well as hypervigilance (a panicky style of decision making). Japanese students scored lowest on decision self-esteem and highest on procrastination and hypervigilance. It was argued that the con¯ ict model and its attendant coping patterns is relevant for describing and comparing decision making in both Western and Asian cultures.

Association of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) gene polymorphisms with the risk of COPD: An updated meta-analysis of 2,644 cases and 4,804 controls

A series of observational studies have been made to investigate the association of the ADAM33 gene polymorphisms with the risk of COPD, but their results were conflicting. Therefore, we performed an updated meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize the associations of ADAM33 gene polymorphisms with the risk of COPD. Thirteen case–control studies referring to nine SNPs were identified: V4 (rs2787094), T+1 (rs2280089), T2 (rs2280090), T1 (rs2280091), S2 (rs528557), S1 (rs3918396), Q−1 (rs612709), F+1 (rs511898) and ST+5 (rs597980). A dominant model (AA+Aa vs. aa), recessive model (AA vs. Aa+aa), additive model (AA vs. aa) and allelic model (A vs. a) were used to evaluate the association of ADAM33 polymorphism with the risk of COPD. The results indicated that significant associations were found for ADAM33 T1, T2, S1, Q−1, F+1 and ST+5 polymorphisms associated with the risk of COPD in different populations. However, no significant associations were found for V4, T+1 and S2 polymorphisms with the risk of COPD in all genetic models, even in the subgroup analysis by ethnicity. This meta-analysis provided evidence that the ADAM33 T1, T2, S1, Q−1, F+1 and ST+5 six locus polymorphisms association with the risk of COPD. Furthermore, T2, Q−1 and ST+5 indicated an association with the risk of COPD in the European populations, whereas T1, T2, S1, F+1 and Q−1 indicated an association with the risk of COPD in the Asian populations.

A new two point method of obtaining Cv from a consolidation test: Discussion

Careful study of various aspects presented in the note reveals basic fallacies in the concept and final conclusions.The Authors claim to have presented a new method of determining C-v. However, the note does not contain a new method. In fact, the method proposed is an attempt to generate settlement vs. time data using only two values of (t,8). The Authors have used a rectangular hyperbola method to determine C-v from the predicated 8- t data. In this context, the title of the paper itself is misleading and questionable. The Authors have compared C-v values predicated with measured values, both of them being the results of the rectangular hyperbola method.

Organic diet development for black tiger prawns

The survival and growth of black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) juveniles (~3.3 g) were compared after feeding in tanks over one month with several prepared diets based on organically certified ingredients. The extrusion process in the manufacture of pelletised experimental diets was similar to processes used in commercial plants and was closely documented. The daily feeding rate (6% of starting mean body weight) was split equally into two feeds, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. All diets tested produced high survival (97-100%). A widely-used commercial Australian prawn feed was used as a control diet. It contained 41.2% protein with 29.5 g kg-1 lysine, and produced the highest (P<0.05) growth (117% weight gain). Three of the experimental organic diets tested (namely, 1. wheat + soy, 2. pig weaner diet + soy, and 3. pig weaner diet + dried fish waste) produced moderate growth (73–77% weight gain). These contained 33%, 36% or 31% protein, respectively, and produced better (P<0.05) growth than diets utilising a range of other prospective ingredients (eg: wheat + dried scallop gut, wheat + fish waste, wheat + chickpea, or wheat + macadamia meal, containing 23%, 25%, 29% or 24% protein, respectively). An unfed control-treatment produced the lowest (P<0.05) growth (4% weight gain). The water stability of the experimental diets that produced the best growth was poorer than the commercial diet, suggesting that improvements in this aspect of these organic feed’s manufacture could result in additional performance benefits and possibly reduced feed wastage. Analyses revealed a linear relationship between diet performance (in terms of weight gains) and the protein and lysine contents of diets. About 70% of diet performance was explained by these factors. The superior performance of the commercial diet could be attributed primarily to its formulation using mainly marine proteins, as well as a range of other unknown factors (commercial in confidence). These other factors range from use of feed attractants, better knowledge of ingredient nutrient availability, different extrusion conditions and the use of other unspecified micro-nutrients not present in the experimental diets. The organic diets studied still require a degree of fine-tuning before structured commercial uptake. This would sensibly include further detailed investigations of the composition and nutrient availabilities of these and other organic dietary ingredients, and refinement of the extrusion process for formulated diets.

Plan poselkov Nº Nº 5, 6 uchastku 33 - 58

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Plan zemelʻnogo uchastka poselka N 33

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