High elevation Plantago lanceolata plants are less resistant to herbivory than their low elevation conspecifics: is it just temperature?

Traits that mediate species interactions are evolutionarily shaped by biotic and abiotic drivers, yet we know relatively little about the relative importance of these factors. Herbivore pressure, along with resource availability and third-party' mutualists, are hypothesized to play a major role in the evolution of plant defence traits. Here, we used the model system Plantago lanceolata, which grows along steep elevation gradients in the Swiss Alps, to investigate the effect of elevation, herbivore pressure, mycorrhizal inoculation and temperature on plant resistance. Over a 1200 m elevation gradient, the levels of herbivory and iridoid glycosides (IGs) declined with increasing elevation. By planting seedlings at three different elevations, we further showed that both low-elevation growing conditions and mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in increased plant resistance to herbivores. Finally, using a temperature-controlled experiment comparing high- and low-elevation ecotypes, we showed that high-elevation ecotypes are less resistant to herbivory, and that lower temperatures impair IGs deployment after herbivore attack. We thus propose that both lower herbivore pressure, and colder temperatures relax the defense syndrome of high elevation plants.

Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora margarita arbuscular mycorrhizal associations differentially affect nitrogen and potassium nutrition of Plantago lanceolata in a low fertility dune soil

Two controlled microcosm experiments aimed at a critical re-assessment of the contributions of divergent arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to plant mineral nutrition were established that specifically targeted Plantago lanceolata–Glomus intraradices (B.B/E) and –Gigaspora margarita (BEG 34) symbioses developed in a native, nutrient limited, coastal dune soil. Plant tissue nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) status as well as plant growth parameters and levels of mycorrhizal colonization were assessed at harvest. In addition to the general well-established mycorrhizal facilitation of P uptake, the study was able to demonstrate a G. intraradices-specific contribution to improved plant nitrogen and potassium nutrition. In the two respective experiments, G. intraradices-inoculated plants had 27.8% and 40.8% more total N and 55.8% and 23.3% more total K when compared to Gi. margarita inoculated counterparts. Dissimilar overall contribution of the two isolates to plant nutrition was identified in AM-genus specific differences in plant tissue N:P:K ratios. G. intraradices inoculated and non-mycorrhizal plants generally exhibited N:P:K ratios indicative of P limitation whereas for Gi.margarita mycorrhizal plants, corresponding ratios strongly implied either N or K limitation. The study provides further evidence highlighting AM functional biodiversity in respect to plant nutrient limitation experienced by mycorrhizal P. lanceolata in an ecologically relevant soil system.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal modulation of diazotrophic and denitrifying microbial communities in the (mycor)rhizosphere of Plantago lanceolata

Impacts of divergent arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora margarita, on denitrifying and diazotrophic bacterial communities of Plantago lanceolata in nutrient-limited dune soil were assessed. We hypothesized AM species-related modifications that were confirmed in respective bacterial nirK and nifH sequence polymorphism -based community clustering and community variance allocation. The denitrifying community appeared more responsive to AM fungi than the nitrogen-fixing community. Nevertheless, the main explanatory variable, in both cases, was plant age. We conclude that AM fungi can modify N-cycling microbial rhizosphere communities and future work should aim to verify the functional significance and mechanistic basis.

Olfactory selection of Plantago lanceolata by snails declines with seedling age

Background and Aims Despite recent recognition that (1) plant–herbivore interactions during the establishment phase, (2) ontogenetic shifts in resource allocation and (3) herbivore response to plant volatile release are each pivotal to a comprehensive understanding of plant defence, no study has examined how herbivore olfactory response varies during seedling ontogeny. Methods Using a Y-tube olfactometer we examined snail (Helix aspersa) olfactory response to pellets derived from macerated Plantago lanceolata plants harvested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 weeks of age to test the hypothesis that olfactory selection of plants by a generalist herbivore varies with plant age. Plant volatiles were collected for 10 min using solid-phase microextraction technique on 1- and 8-week-old P. lanceolata pellets and analysed by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. Key Results Selection of P. lanceolata was strongly negatively correlated with increasing age; pellets derived from 1-week-old seedlings were three times more likely to be selected as those from 8-week-old plants. Comparison of plant selection experiments with plant volatile profiles from GC/MS suggests that patterns of olfactory selection may be linked to ontogenetic shifts in concentrations of green leaf volatiles and ethanol (and its hydrolysis derivatives). Conclusions Although confirmatory of predictions made by contemporary plant defence theory, this is the first study to elucidate a link between seedling age and olfactory selection by herbivores. As a consequence, this study provides a new perspective on the ontogenetic expression of seedling defence, and the role of seedling herbivores, particularly terrestrial molluscs, as selective agents in temperate plant communities.

Aspectos morfológicos de frutos e sementes e caracterização citogenética de Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. (Papilionoideae - Fabaceae)

Frutos, sementes e plântulas de Crotalaria lanceolata, conhecida popularmente como guizo-de-cascavel, chocalho-de-cobra, xique-xique ou feijão-de-guizo, planta tóxica infestante que ocorre no Estado de São Paulo, foram estudadas morfologicamente e citogeneticamente. Os frutos são secos, deiscentes, polispérmicos e do tipo legume. As sementes são reniformes e o embrião é constituído de eixo embrionário e dois cotilédones. A testa pode apresentar variadas tonalidades de castanhos. A germinação é epígea e fanerocotiledonar. A espécie apresenta número cromossômico diplóide 2n = 16 com formulação cariotípica 12M + 4SM e comprimento cromossômico médio geral de 3,340 ± 0,689.

Extratos vegetais na germinação de sementes de Baccharis dracunculifolia e Plantago lanceolata

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Adaptive transgenerational plasticity in the perennial Plantago lanceolata

Phenotypes of plants, and thus their ecology and evolution, can be affected by the environmental conditions experienced by their parents, a phenomenon called parental effects or transgenerational plasticity. However, whether such effects are just passive responses or represent a special type of adaptive plasticity remains controversial because of a lack of solid tests of their adaptive significance. Here, we investigated transgenerational effects of different nutrient environments on the productivity, carbon storage and flowering phenology of the perennial plant Plantago lanceolata, and whether these effects are influenced by seasonal variation in the maternal environment. We found that maternal environments significantly affected the offspring phenotype, and that plants consistently produced more biomass and had greater root carbohydrate storage if grown under the same environmental conditions as experienced by their mothers. The observed transgenerational effects were independent of the season in which seeds had matured. We therefore conclude that transgenerational effects on biomass and carbon storage in P. lanceolata are adaptive regardless of the season of seed maturation.

Tasmanian Pepper Leaf (Tasmannia lanceolata) Oils

Tasmannia lanceolata, commonly known as Tasmanian pepper leaf or mountain pepper, is an Australian native plant that produces an essential oil with a characteristic pungent flavor attributed to the sesquiterpene polygodial. The dried and fresh leaves are used in culinary applications. The essential oil is produced by a solvent extraction process, and the resultant concrete is a rich source of the principal pungent molecule polygodial and other volatiles. The Tasmanian pepper leaf extract has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is very effective against fungi, especially yeasts. This demonstrates its potential to be used in the food industry as a natural preservative. Indigenous Australians have used Tasmanian pepper leaves for therapeutic purposes; in recent times, it is been used as a flavoring agent and enhancer of pungency in food products. This chapter covers the use of Tasmanian pepper leaf essential oil in food applications, its botanical aspects, and its chemical composition.

O gênero Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb. (Lauraceae) no Estado do Paraná, Brasil

Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb. has 14 species in Paraná: Nectandra angustifolia (Schrader) Nees & Mart., N. cissiflora Nees, N. cuspidata Nees & Mart., N. grandiflora Nees & Mart., N. hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer, N. lanceolata Nees & Mart., N. leucantha Nees & Mart., N. megapotamica (Sprengel) Mez, N. membranacea (Sw.) Griseb., N. nitidula Nees & Mart., N. oppositifolia Nees & Mart., N. paranaensis Coe-Teixeira, N. puberula (Schott) Nees and N. reticulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez. We present an identification key and species descriptions, as well as illustrations and data on phenology and geographic distribution. N. hihua is cited for the first time in Paraná State.

Rineloricaria osvaldoi (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a new species of armored catfish from rio Vermelho, Araguaia basin, Brazil

A new species of Rineloricaria Bleeker from the rio Vermelho, Araguaia basin, Goiás, Brazil is described. Rineloricaria osvaldoi, new species, can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: surface of thoracic area trapezoidal with greatest width between pectoral fins, up to 13 premaxillary teeth, largest body width at the section of the canal plate, anterior profile of the head of mature males semicircular in dorsal view. Although eight genera of Loricariinae are known from the rio Araguaia basin, R. lanceolata was only species of Rineloricaria previously reported from that basin. Therefore, the discovery of the R. osvaldoi increases the scenery of diversity of Loricariinae within this drainage basin.

Broad spectrum bioactive sunscreens

The development of sunscreens containing reduced concentration of chemical UV filters, even though, possessing broad spectrum effectiveness with the use of natural raw materials that improve and infer UV absorption is of great interest. Due to the structural similarities between polyphenolic compounds and organic UV filters, they might exert photoprotection activity. The objective of the present research work was to develop bioactive sunscreen delivery systems containing rutin, Passiflora incarnata L. and Plantago lanceolata extracts associated or not with organic and inorganic UV filters. UV transmission of the sunscreen delivery system films was performed by using diffuse transmittance measurements coupling to an integrating sphere. In vitro photoprotection efficacy was evaluated according to the following parameters: estimated sun protection factor (SPF); Boot`s Star Rating category; UVA/UVB ratio; and critical wavelength (lambda(c)). Sunscreen delivery systems obtained SPF values ranging from 0.972 +/- 0.004 to 28.064 +/- 2.429 and bioactive compounds interacted with the UV filters positive and negatively. This behavior may be attributed to: the composition of the delivery system: the presence of inorganic UV filter and quantitative composition of the organic UV filters; and the phytochemical composition of the P. incarnate L and P. lanceolato extracts. Among all associations of bioactive compounds and UV filters, we found that the broad spectrum sunscreen was accomplished when 1.68% (w/w) P incarnata L. dry extract was in the presence of 7.0% (w/w) ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2.0% (w/w) benzophenone-3 and 2.0% (w/w) TiO(2). It was demonstrated that this association generated estimated SPF of 20.072 +/- 0.906 and it has improved the protective defense against UVA radiation accompanying augmentation of the UVA/UVB ratio from 0.49 to 0.52 and lambda(c) from 364 to 368.6 nm. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genotypic variation in proanthocyanidin status in the Leucaena genus

The proanthocyanidin (PA) status of 116 accessions from the Leucaena genus representing 21 species, 6 subspecies, 3 varieties and 4 interspecific hybrids was evaluated under uniform environmental and experimental conditions at Redland Bay, Queensland, Australia in October 1997. The PA content of lyophilized youngest fully expanded leaves was measured spectrophotometrically by the butanol/HCl assay referenced to L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata standard PA and expressed as L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata PA equivalents (LLPAE). Considerable interspecific variation in PA concentration existed within the genus, ranging from 0-339 g LLPAE/kg dry matter (DM). Taxa including L. confertiflora, L. cuspidata, L. esculenta and L. greggii contained very high (> 180 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA concentrations. Similarly, many agronomically superior accessions from L. diversifolia, L. pallida and L. trichandra contained extremely high (up to 250 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA concentrations, although these taxa exhibited wide intraspecific variation in PA content offering the potential to select accessions with lower (120-160 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA content. Commercial cultivars of L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata, known to produce forage of superior quality, contained low amounts of PA (33-39 g LLPAE/kg DM). Artificial interspecific hybrids had PA contents intermediate to those of both parents, Lesser-known taxa. including L. collinsii, L. lanceolata, L. lempirana, L. macrophylla, L. magnifica, L. multicapitula, L. salvadorensis and L. trichodes, contained undetectable to low (0-36 g LLPAE/kg DM) quantities of PA and have potential as parents to breed interspecific hybrids of low PA status and superior forage quality. Extractable PA was the dominant PA component, accounting for 91% of total PA within the genus. Regression analysis of accession ranks from different experiments compared to these results indicated that genetic regulation of Leucaena spp. PA content was consistent (P < 0.01) under different edapho-climatic environments. The distribution of PA within the Leucaena genus did not concur with the predictions of various evolutionary and phylogenetic plant defence theories.

CONSERVACIÓN DE GERMOPLASMA DE ESPECIES FORESTALES NATIVAS DEL CHACO SERRANO DE CÓRDOBA

Los bosques nativos cumplen diversas funciones en el desarrollo de las poblaciones humanas, la protección de cuencas hídricas y suelos, reservorio de biodiversidad y recursos genéticos. Ante la destrucción del bosque nativo de Córdoba, resulta imperiosa la aplicación de programas integrados de conservación de los recursos genéticos a través de la creación de bancos de germoplasma y programas de restauración por medio de técnicas de reforestación de áreas degradadas. El objetivo del proyecto es Conservar in y ex situ especies leñosas nativas del Bosque Serrano de Córdoba: Polylepis Australis, Maytenus boaria, Schinopsis marginata, Zanthoxilus coco, Celtis erhembergiana, Kageneckia lanceolata, Ruprechtia apetala, Lithrea molleoides, Myrcianthes cisplatensis, Escallonia cordobensis. A campo, se identificarán y georreferenciarán los árboles semilleros de diez especies forestales nativas del Chaco Serrano de la provincia de Córdoba, como fuente de semillas. En el Laboratorio de Semillas de la FAV-UNRC se realizará el acondicionamiento de las semillas, se determinará el peso de 100 y el contenido de humedad para definirlas entre ortodoxa, intermedia, recalcitrante. Los tratamientos pre-germinativos para quebrar dormancia serán: Escarificación mecánica y/o húmeda; Estratificación fría; Lavado previo; Inmersión en agua. Se utilizarán papel como sustrato y 20 semillas por repetición. En la prueba de germinación se evaluarán distintas condiciones de luz (fotoperíodo con 12 horas y oscuridad) y temperaturas (fija de 20 y 25 °C y variable de 20-30 °C). Se obtendrá la siguiente información: Caracterización de las plántulas; Porcentaje de germinación; Tiempo medio y total de germinación. La producción de plantines se realizará en la Unidad de Vivero de la FAV-UNRC. A las semillas de aquellas especies que presentan dormancia se les aplicará el tratamiento pre-germinativo correspondiente según resultados de laboratorio. Se evaluará el número de plántulas emergidas y parámetros de calidad de los plantines (diámetro a la altura del cuello y la altura total) hasta que éstos alcancen 30 a 35 cm y 4 a 5 mm de diámetro. La etapa de reforestación se llevará a cabo en parcelas georreferenciadas y clausuradas. Se registrará la sobrevivencia y el desarrollo aéreo de las plantas al final de la estación de crecimiento. El proyecto permitirá definir las estrategias de germinación de las especies en estudio y las condiciones de almacenamiento de semillas para iniciar un banco de germoplasma de especies leñosas del Bosque Serrano de la provincia de Córdoba. Los datos obtenidos en la etapa de vivero permitirán conocer las características de los plantines adecuadas para la etapa de reforestación. En esta última se conocerá la capacidad de adaptación a campo y las estrategias de sobrevivencia de plantas de cada una de las especies que fueron cultivadas en vivero a partir de semillas de árboles seleccionados. A partir de los resultados del proyecto se obtendrá información del ciclo completo de la conservación in y ex situ de la biodiversidad del Chaco Serrano. Se generará información valiosa para la conservación en Banco de germoplasma de especies que aún no han sido estudiadas ni conservadas. La información obtenida contribuirá al conocimiento sobre la reforestación como técnica de restauración de áreas de distinto grado de degradación utilizando las especies leñosas nativas. El proyecto permitirá generar nuevas áreas de conservación in situ (rodales semilleros y parcelas reforestadas) determinando un primer ciclo de mejoramiento genético de especies nativas estudiadas. El proyecto ofrecerá un espacio de estudio y de trabajo en un área incipiente que favorecerá la generación de conocimientos y el crecimiento académico de los integrantes. Permitirá establecer vínculos concretos entre los grupos de trabajo de las instituciones participantes. La sociedad dispondrá de técnicas para la conservación y producción de las especies vegetales estudiadas.

Contribuição para o conhecimento de algumas leguminosas como forrageiras - Aceitação, palatabilidade e toxides - Testes em coelhos e cobaios

Foram utilizadas na alimentação de coelhos e cobaios as seguintes Leguminosas: Mucuna pruriens Wall, Styzolobium Deeringianum Steph e Bort, Indiqojera hirsuta Lam, Tephrosia cândida, Cajanus cajam Millsp, Canavália ensiformes DC, Clitoria ternatea L., Crotalaria juncea L., C. paulina, C. spectabilis Hoth, C. striata DC, C. brevijlora, C. campista, C. lanceolata e C. anagyroides. Delas, apenas a Crotalaria spectabilis Roth se mostrou altamente tóxica, ao ponto de matar os animais em experiência. Os quadros I e II demonstram a aceitação e aproveitamento controlado em dez dessas espécies, com coelhos. Foram feitos também algumas observações da toxidês das sementes com cobaios cujos resultados são apresentados nas conclusões parciais.