Aristotelian predicables, universality and realism: the logic of comparison in topics as denying the view that Aristotle was a realist

Aristotle is reportedly held to have been a Moderate Realist in that he would maintain that a concept derives from an act of grasping a mind-independent universal object that exists somehow inside of the many different things which the concept is predicated of. As far as a universal is independent of mind, it would stand for the proper object of a concept that subsumes a given number of things as its own instantiations. But we claim that Aristotle rejected such a view and instead did perceive and comprehend universality as a feature of thought rather than as a feature of reality in its own right. As showed in the chapters of Topics regarding the so-called logic of comparison (with the support of Albert the Great’s commentary), each predicate can be more or less consistent with the attribute of the subject of which it may be predicated. Both essential and accidental attributes assume a definite degree of being related to the degree of belonging to substance. Unlike particular things, the universality of a concept is to be understood always in comparison with another concept according to a hierarchy of predicates in terms of universality degree arranged by comparative terms such as ‘more’, ‘less’, and ‘likewise’. What is really mind-independent are the truth conditions which make a universal true when exclusively referring to a set of things identically meant by the same predicate whose universality is given by the place occupied in the hierarchy of predicates.

Revisiting the Measurement of Anomie

Sociologists coined the term "anomie" to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as 'a state of society' and as a 'state of mind', we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the 'state of society'. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed.

A pintura de temática Mariana do pintor Bento Coelho da Silveira, na Igreja de S. Bartolomeu da Charneca em Lisboa

Esta investigação visa o estudo e enquadramento em termos históricos, tipológicos e artísticos das pinturas de Bento Coelho da Silveira (1620-1708), expostas na igreja de S. Bartolomeu da Charneca em Lisboa. Uma vez que sabemos que não foram realizadas especificamente para a igreja de S. Bartolomeu da Charneca em Lisboa onde, na atualidade se encontram, procurar-se-á averiguar qual a origem destas obras; quem foi o seu encomendador e ainda aferir a pertinência e a coerência do programa iconográfico que veiculam. Caracterizar-se-á a pintura deste artista barroco, em concreto as nove telas de temática mariana que se encontram na igreja supracitada. É ainda objeto deste trabalho a comparação com outras obras do pintor, analisando o cânone, os atributos, os adereços e as composições, com particular relevo nas atitudes e nas características expressivas, bem como no estado de alma dos personagens todos eles evidenciando uma atitude melancólica. Pretende-se, finalmente, tecer considerações acerca do seu estado de conservação e, eventualmente, efetuar propostas de conservação e restauro, caso seja necessário.