The other side of protest music: the extreme-right and skinhead culture in democratic Portugal (1974-2015)

Although Portugal does not have a significant radical right presence in its party system, in the last decades the country did witness the development of a neo-Nazi skinhead movement that expresses its white nationalist nature and goals through the musical genres of Rock Against Communism (RAC) and the related Oi!. Utilizing various historical sources and theoretical analysis, this study contextualizes the development of nationalist music in Portugal, both before and especially during the democratic period (1974-2015). It focuses on its protagonists, domestic and international networks, as well as on the few attempts to establish a common cause with radical right-wing political parties at the turn of the century and in present times.

DIE GESETZLOSIGKEIT UND EIGENGESETZLICHKEIT STIRNERS UND SIMMELS INDIVIDUELLES GESETZ. STIRNERS EINFLUSS AUF SIMMEL UND DESSEN STIRNER-REZEPTION

In most of his published works, Georg Simmel dealt with themes which were also motives of concern for Stirner, such as the One and society, the individual and genre, social formations and domination, the problem of duty, egoism versus communism. Contradictions and parallelisms to Stirnerian motifs can be found in Simmel’s thought since its early stages. Starting with an analysis of whether or not these are direct references to Stirner, this paper intends to show the relation between these thinkers and the possibility of a direct influence on Simmel by Stirner, namely in regards to their common idea of “individual law”.