Valorização da carne de ovinos e caprinos fora da marca com qualidade DOP e IGP

Com objectivo de melhorar a qualidade da carne de origem caprina e ovina proveniente de animais adultos de raças Serrana e Churra Galega Bragançana (CGB), de forma a atribuir-lhe um valor comercial acrescentado, foram elaborados diferentes tipos de patês com incorporação de diferentes níveis de gordura de porco. O estudo foi feito no laboratório de Tecnologias de Qualidade da Carcaça e da Carne da Escola Superior Agrária, do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança. Os patês foram submetidos a uma avaliação da qualidade físico-química no período de um ano como forma de estudar a vida útil dos mesmos, quando conservados à temperatura de 2 a 4º C. As determinações físico-químicas foram repetidas quatro vezes em cada período de estudo, nomeadamente 1, 6 e 12 meses de conservação. Diferenças entre as médias foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes, no nível de 5%, quando p ≤ 0,05. O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi realizado utilizando o programa Statistix 10. A transformação de carne de animais adultos em subprodutos originou patês de alto valor nutricional, com vida útil superior a um ano. Com a avaliação do pH em patês de ambas espécies, foi possível observar maior queda de pH em patês de origem caprina, podendo-se afirmar que os mesmos têm baixa estabilidade quando comparados com os de origem ovina. A incorporação de gordura de porco, proveniente de abdómen, influenciou positivamente na qualidade físico-química do produto final. Patês com incorporação de gordura de porco apresentaram maior teor de ácidos gordos saturados e poli-insaturados. Em relação às duas espécies, as amostras de patês de origem ovina sem incorporação de gordura de porco apresentaram maior teor de gordura saturada e menor teor de gordura mono-insaturada.

Assessment of grazing selectivity in relation to land cover: a comparison between sheep and goats

Portugal’s Northeast production of sheep and goats are based on the exploitation of landscape by-products such as spontaneous native vegetation and agriculture leftovers. Shepherds tend the flocks throughout grazing itineraries every day, crossing a mosaic of patches of varied land uses. During the journey, the shepherd acts together with the sheep and goats to select each patch in creating an ordered sequence of land uses. The focus of the research is on the land-use composition of the grazing itineraries; determinate how they depend on the patterns of the landscape mosaic. It is utilized a data set of 26 monthly herd’s itineraries, 13 of sheep and 13 of goats, to investigate the relationship of the land uses crossed by the flocks and the land uses of the landscape, evaluating the land-use preferences and selectivity of the sheep and goats. It is utilized the divergences in the time spent and distance travelled by the herds and the area of the land uses in the landscape, the chi-square test to relate the preferred land used and the season, and the discriminate analysis to distinguish the preferences and the selectivity of the herd of sheep and the herd of goats. The herds of the sheep and the goats presented different land-use preferences over the seasons and the discriminant analysis shows that they have different landscape preferences. The herd of sheep has the highest selectivity indexes for the annual irrigated crops, the agricultural complex systems and the agroforestry land uses. The highest selectivity indexes for the herd of goats were found for the deciduous forest, the agriculture with natural and semi-natural spaces and the shrublands land uses. It was concluded that the landscape management for sheep and goats herding has to be different: the agricultural land uses are essential to the flocks of sheep and the forest land uses are decisive to the flocks of goats.

Dephosphorization of Iron Ore through Bioleaching

Phosphorus, as phosphate, is frequently found as a constituent of many of the world iron resources. Phosphorus is an extremely harmful element found in iron ore used as a raw material in the steelmaking process because it will affect the quality of iron and steel products. Allowable phosphorus concentration in high quality steel is usually less than 0.08%. Dephosphorization of iron ore has been studied for a long time. Although there are described physical beneficiation and chemical leaching processes, involving inorganic acids, to reduce phosphorus content of iron ores, these processes have several limitations such as poor recovery, require high energy quantity, capital costs and cause environmental pollution. Use of microorganisms in leaching of mineral ores is gaining importance due to the implementation of stricter environmental rules. Microbes convert metal compounds into their water soluble forms and are biocatalysts of leaching processes. Biotechnology is considered as an eco-friendly, promising, and revolutionary solution to these problems. Microorganisms play a critical role in natural phosphorus cycle and the process of phosphate solubilization by microorganisms has been known for many years. This study was performed to analyze the possibility of using bioleaching as a process for the dephosphorization of an iron ore from Northeast of Portugal. For bioleaching, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bacterium were used. For this study two experiments were done with different conditions, which lasts 6 weeks for first experiment and 5 weeks for second experiment. From the result of these preliminary studies, it was observed that for first experiment 6.2 % and for second experiment 3.7 % of phosphorus was removed from iron ore.