Desenvolvimento de um aditivo natural à base de catequina: otimização da extração e estabilização a partir de frutos de Arbutus unedo L.

The common Mediterranean ornamental strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo L.) produces an edible reddish sweet berry that is found to be bland and tasteless unless it is consumed overripe, otherwise it is discarded or used as basic agricultural sub residue. The bioactive properties of this fruit have been reported and related with phenolic compounds, mainly flavan-3-ols, such as catechin and procyanidins, which has opened the opportunity to exploit their extraction from alternative sources.The common Mediterranean ornamental strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo L.) produces an edible reddish sweet berry that is found to be bland and tasteless unless it is consumed overripe, otherwise it is discarded or used as basic agricultural sub residue. The bioactive properties of this fruit have been reported and related with phenolic compounds, mainly flavan-3-ols, such as catechin and procyanidins, which has opened the opportunity to exploit their extraction from alternative sources. This study compares and optimizes the maceration, microwave and ultrasound extraction techniques in the recovery of a catechin extract from Arbutus unedo L. fruits and evaluate the stability of flavan-3-ols during storage and application processes. To obtain conditions that maximize the catechin extraction yield, a response surface methodology was used. Maceration and microwave extractions were found to be the most effective methods, capable of yielding 1.38±0.1 and 1.70±0.3 mg of catechin/g dry weight (dw) in the corresponding optimal extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for maceration were 93.2±3.7 min, 79.6±5.2 ºC and 23.1±3.7 % of ethanol, while for the microwave extraction were 42.2±4.1 min, 137.1±8.1 ºC and 12.1±1.1 % of ethanol. The microwave system was a quicker solution, conducting to slightly higher yields of catechin than maceration, but this one needed lower temperatures to reach similar yields. The ultrasound method was the least effective solution in terms of catechin yield extraction (0.71±0.1 mg/g at 42.4±3.6 min, 314.9±21.2 W and 40.3±3.8 %. ethanol). The stability was tested with of the catechin-enriched extract (60% flavan-3-ols and 22% catechin), obtained under the best maceration conditions, was tested. Therefore, catechin-enriched extracts were submitted to physical and chemical stability studies, considering the main affecting variables (time, temperature and pH): i) a stability study of the extracts during storage as powder system; and ii) a stability study of the extracts in simulated food environment (aqueous solution system). The measured responses were the flavan-3-ols and catechin contents, determined by HPLC-DAD, and the antioxidant activity of the extracts evaluated by hydrophilic assays. Mechanistic and phenomenological equations were used to describe the responses, and the optimal conditions for flavan-3-ols (including catechin) stability as powder extract during a month were pH= 5.4 and T= -20ºC; while its stability in aqueous solution remained during the 24 h of application at pH<4 and T<30ºC. This study compares and optimizes the maceration, microwave and ultrasound extraction techniques in the recovery of a catechin extract from Arbutus unedo L. fruits and evaluate the stability of flavan-3-ols during storage and application processes. To obtain conditions that maximize the catechin extraction yield, a response surface methodology was used. Maceration and microwave extractions were found to be the most effective methods, capable of yielding 1.38±0.1 and 1.70±0.3 mg of catechin/g dry weight (dw) in the corresponding optimal extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for maceration were 93.2±3.7 min, 79.6±5.2 ºC and 23.1±3.7 % of ethanol, while for the microwave extraction were 42.2±4.1 min, 137.1±8.1 ºC and 12.1±1.1 % of ethanol. The microwave system was a quicker solution, conducting to slightly higher yields of catechin than maceration, but this one needed lower temperatures to reach similar yields. The ultrasound method was the least effective solution in terms of catechin yield extraction (0.71±0.1 mg/g at 42.4±3.6 min, 314.9±21.2 W and 40.3±3.8 %. ethanol). The stability was tested with of the catechin-enriched extract (60% flavan-3-ols and 22% catechin), obtained under the best maceration conditions, was tested. Therefore, catechin-enriched extracts were submitted to physical and chemical stability studies, considering the main affecting variables (time, temperature and pH): i) a stability study of the extracts during storage as powder system; and ii) a stability study of the extracts in simulated food environment (aqueous solution system). The measured responses were the flavan-3-ols and catechin contents, determined by HPLC-DAD, and the antioxidant activity of the extracts evaluated by hydrophilic assays. Mechanistic and phenomenological equations were used to describe the responses, and the optimal conditions for flavan-3-ols (including catechin) stability as powder extract during a month were pH= 5.4 and T= -20ºC; while its stability in aqueous solution remained during the 24 h of application at pH<4 and T<30ºC.

Nova formulação de iogurtes com extratos aquosos de funcho e camomila na substituição de aditivos químicos

Existe por parte dos consumidores uma tendência crescente na escolha de alimentos designados por mais saudáveis em que a presença em aditivos sintéticos é reduzida ou até mesmo ausente. Para melhorar a aparência e/ou propriedades dos alimentos a indústria recorre ao uso de aditivos sintéticos [1], no entanto, alguns autores têm apresentado alguma relação entre o consumo excessivo de alguns desses aditivos com efeitos adversos para a saúde do consumidor [2]. Para contornar esta problemática e ir ao encontro das expectativas dos consumidores, têm sido considerados os extratos naturais obtidos a partir de plantas como excelentes ingredientes naturais para a indústria alimentar como alternativas aos aditivos sintéticos [3]. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos de antioxidantes naturais (extratos aquosos de Foeniculum vulgare Mill., funcho, e Matricaria recutita L., camomila, obtidos por decocção) com um aditivo sintético (sorbato de potássio, E202) utilizado em iogurtes. Neste trabalho, as amostras de Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (funcho) e Matricaria recutita L. (camomila) foram submetidas a uma extração por decocção. A sua caracterização química foi feita por HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. As propriedades antioxidantes foram avaliadas através de diferentes ensaios in vitro (efeito captador de radicais livres, poder redutor e inibição da peroxidação lipídica), tal como as propriedades antimicrobianas (contra bactérias e fungos). A incorporação dos extratos foi feita em iogurtes e desta forma, foram preparados quatro grupos de amostras: iogurtes controlo (sem adição de qualquer aditivo), iogurtes com decocção de funcho, iogurtes com decocção de camomila e iogurtes com E202. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à cor, pH e ao seu valor nutricional e potencial antioxidante. O estudo foi feito no tempo zero e após sete e catorze dias de armazenamento a 4ºC. Tal como podemos observar na Figura 1, a incorporação dos aditivos quer naturais quer sintéticos, não provocou alteração no aspeto visual quando comparado com a amostra controlo sem aditivos (A). Os resultados demonstram ainda que a introdução dos aditivos não provocou alterações significativas no pH e no valor nutricional dos iogurtes quando comparados com o controlo (Tabela 1). No entanto, esta incorporação conferiu propriedades antioxidantes aos iogurtes principalmente, pela adição do extrato de camomila (Figura 2). Estes resultados permitem-nos concluir que os extratos aquosos de funcho e camomila ricos em compostos fenólicos [4,5] podem representar uma alternativa aos conservantes sintéticos melhorando desta forma as propriedades funcionais dos iogurtes sem, no entanto, provocar alterações no perfil nutricional dos mesmos.