Micoencapsulation of bioactive plant extracts: a tool to functionalize cottage cheeses

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) and Matricaria recutita L. (chamomile) are two examples of plants with reported antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which can be related with their composition in phenolic compounds [1,2]. Furthermore, according to previous results of our research group, the direct incorporation of the aqueous extracts showed capacity to maintain the nutritional properties of the cottage cheeses, up to 7 days of storage, while improving the antioxidant potential. However, after 14 days, a decrease in the antioxidant properties was observed [1,2], which can be related with factors such as light, moisture, temperature and pH, that can cause bioactive compounds degradation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to prepare microcapsules with the aqueous extracts of fennel and chamomile for incorporation in cottage cheese samples, in order to protect the bioactive molecules present in the extracts, such as phenolic compounds, and prevent the decrease of the antioxidant activity observed after the 14 days period. The microspheres were prepared using an atomization/coagulation technique. Sodium alginate was used as the matrix material to produce the microspheres that were characterized through optical microscopy (OM), during and after atomization, for inspecting morphology. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined by HPLC-DAD by an indirect method by analysing the coagulation solution. FTIR was also used to attest the presence of the extract inside of the alginate matrix. These microencapsulated extracts were incorporated in cottage cheese samples that were further characterized in terms of nutritional properties and antioxidant potential right after incorporation, and after 7 and 14 days of storage at 4•c. The EE was estimated as -100% and the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of the extracts inside the microspheres. The results showed that the incorporation of the microencapsulated extracts did not cause changes in the nutritional value of cottage cheeses (through a comparison with control samples without extracts). The predominant fatty acids were palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (CI8:0) acids. The order of abundance of fatty acids was as follows: saturated fatty acids (SF A)> monounsaturatcd fatty acids (MUF A)> polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUF A). Regarding free sugars, lactose was the only sugar identified and quantified in all samples. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the samples functionalized with the microencapsulated extracts showed a higher preservation of this property even after the 7th day of storage. Overall, the incorporation of the protected plant extracts in dairy foods can be a strategy to provide health benefits to consumers.

Chromatographic determination of fatty acids profiles in regionally-produced Portuguese goat cheese along curing

The biochemistry of cheese ripening involves mechanisms such as glycolysis, proteolysis and lipolysis. Fatty acids are released by the action of lipases from different sources, milk, rennet, bacteria, moulds included as secondary starters, and other exogenous lipases, during lipolysis [1]. The composition of the lipid fraction contributes positively to the flavour of cheese, for being precursors of more complex aroma compounds responsible for the characteristic “goaty flavour” of goat cheeses [2]. Goat milk is recognized by its easier digestibility, alkalinity, buffering capacity and certain therapeutic values in medicine and human nutrition [3]. A high total content of fatty acids is strongly linked to a rancid and tart off flavour in goat milk and may be considered undesirable in most cheese varieties [4]. In this sense, the purpose of the present study was to examine the composition and changes in fatty acids and saponification value of goat cheese during curing period (2, 7 and 12 months). Goat cheese was made in industrial unit of Cachão - Mirandela (Trás-os- Montes) with raw milk Serrana goats’ race, salt and rennet from animal origin. During the first two months, the samples were stored in a ripening chamber (9.5-11 °C and RH 75-85%). From the second month to one year, the samples were stored in a preservation chamber (10.5-12 °C and RH 75-85%). The fatty acids profile of the inner part of the cheese was analyzed by gas-chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The degree of saponification was determined both in the crust and inside the cheese by HCl titration of ethanol KOH solution of the samples. Twenty-six fatty acids (FA) were identified and quantified in the inner part of the cheese (total fat was 45-46 g/100 g during the curing period). Saturated fatty acids (SFA) did not change up to 7 months of curing, increasing only after 12 months, being palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), myristic (C14:0) and capric (C10:0) acids the most abundant FA in this class. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) decreased only after 12 months, and oleic acid (C18:1) was the predominant FA. In polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) class, the most abundant were linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids, and followed the same tendency of MUFA. This is corroborated by an increase in the degree of saponification, either in the crust as in the inner part of the cheese, after 12 months of curing, probably related with the saturation of the fatty acids [3]. Extra-long curing can be done in cheeses produced with goat milk up to seven months of storage without changing the total fat and individual FA content.

Perfil cromatográfico de ácidos gordos e açúcares em requeijões funcionalizados com extratos de plantas livres e microencapsulados

Atualmente existe um grande interesse da indústria alimentar pela utilização de extratos e produtos naturais em substituição de aditivos sintéticos, por conterem ou serem substâncias biologicamente ativas, nomeadamente do ponto de vista antioxidante [1]. Alguns estudos anteriores da nossa equipa de investigação revelaram que a incorporação de extratos de Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (funcho) e Matricaria recutita L. (camomila) em amostras de requeijão, conferia-lhes propriedades antioxidantes, para além de manterem o seu valor nutricional [2;3]. No entanto, verificou-se que este efeito era limitado a 7 dias. Assim, para prolongar a referida bioatividade, os extratos aquosos das plantas mencionadas foram microencapsulados em matriz de alginato e, posteriormente, incorporados em requeijões. Os produtos finais foram analisados cromatograficamente em termos de ácidos gordos (GC-FID) e açúcares livres (HPLC-RI). As amostras de requeijão contendo os extratos microencapsulados e livres foram comparadas com os requeijões controlo (sem qualquer extrato). Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a incorporação dos extratos não provocou alterações nas características nutricionais dos requeijões. Em todas as amostras, os ácidos gordos predominantes foram os ácidos palmítico (C16:0) e oleico (C18:1). A ordem de abundância em ácidos gordos foi a seguinte: ácidos gordos saturados > ácidos gordos monoinsaturados >ácidos gordos polinsaturados. A lactose foi o único açúcar livre identificado e quantificado em todas as amostras. Adicionalmente, as amostras funcionalizados com extratos microencapsulados apresentaram maior preservação da atividade antioxidante após o sétimo dia.

Influência da radiação por feixe de eletrões no perfil cromatográfico de Bauhinia variegata var candida: flor comestível proveniente do brasil

As flores de Bauhinia variegata var candida apresentam coloração branca e são vulgarmente conhecidas como “patas de vaca branca”, sendo muito utilizadas na cozinha gourmet como forma de aumentar a qualidade sensorial e nutricional dos alimentos [1,2]. No presente estudo, as flores foram submetidas a radiação por feixe de eletrões em diferentes doses (0,5 e 0,8 kGy) como forma de descontaminação, e seguidamente analisadas em termos de parâmetros nutricionais (humidade, proteínas, gordura, hidratos de carbono e cinzas) e perfis em açúcares livres (HPLCRI), ácidos gordos (GC-FID), tocoferóis (HPLC-Fluorescência) e ácidos orgânicos (HPLC-DAD). As amostras não irradiadas e irradiadas mostraram um perfil nutricional semelhante, sendo os hidratos de carbono os nutrientes mais abundantes, seguidos das proteínas, gorduras e cinzas. Os perfis em açúcares foram também similares, estando presente a frutose em maior quantidade, seguida da glucose e da sacarose. Os ácidos mirístico (C14:0), palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0) e oleico (C18:1n9), foram os ácidos gordos mais abundantes. Os ácidos gordos saturados (SFA) foram os mais abundantes, seguidos dos mono (MUFA) e polinsaturados (PUFA). Neste caso, com maior dose de radiação verificou-se que a percentagem de SFA e MUFA diminui ligeiramente (principalmente pelo aumento dos ácidos esteárico e oleico, respetivamente), aumentando a percentagem de PUFA (principalmente pelo aumento dos ácidos linoleico e α-linolénico). No que respeita aos tocoferóis, só a isoforma α foi encontrada, apresentando aproximadamente o mesmo conteúdo nas amostras irradiadas e não irradiadas (1,75±0,06 mg/mL). O ácido cítrico foi o ácido orgânico mais abundante nas amostras, seguido dos ácidos: málico, ascórbico, oxálico e fumárico. Também neste caso os valores mantiveram-se, com exceção do ácido cítrico que aumentou ligeiramente com as doses de irradiação (55,94, 61,70 e 67,64 mg/mL, respetivamente). Em síntese, verificou-se que as doses de irradiação aplicadas não alteraram significativamente a composição química das amostras em estudo, e pode ser considerada uma técnica de descontaminação e preservação de flores comestíveis.

Chestnut and lemon balm based ingredients as natural preserving agents of the nutritional profile in matured “Serra da Estrela” cheese

Chestnut flowers, lemon balm plants and their decoctions were incorporated into "Serra da Estrela" cheese, to assess their potential to preserve its nutritional properties and provide new foodstuffs. The analyses were carried out after the normal ripening period of 1month and after 6months of storage. The most abundant nutrients were proteins and fats. The most abundant minerals were Ca and Na, while C16:0 and C18:1 were the main fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids were the most abundant, followed by the monounsaturated. Moisture seemed to be lower in the samples with the plants incorporated. The dried plants, when incorporated, seemed to be more efficient as preservers then the decoctions, although these better preserved the proteins. These plants can be regarded as promising natural preservers in foodstuffs cheese, given the preservation of key parameters and the slight impact on the nutritional value.