Development And Characterization Of 32 Microsatellite Loci In Genipa Americana (rubiaceae).

��� Microsatellite primers were developed for the tree species Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) for further population genetic studies. ��� We identified 144 clones containing 65 repeat motifs from a genomic library enriched for (CT)8 and (GT)8 motifs. Primer pairs were developed for 32 microsatellite loci and validated in 40 individuals of two natural G. americana populations. Seventeen loci were polymorphic, revealing from three to seven alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.24 to 1.00 and from 0.22 to 0.78, respectively. ��� The 17 primers identified as polymorphic loci are suitable to study the genetic diversity and structure, mating system, and gene flow in G. americana.

Association Between Prehypertension, Metabolic And Inflammatory Markers, Decreased Adiponectin And Enhanced Insulinemia In Obese Subjects.

Obesity is associated with development of the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome, which is a constellation of risk factors, such as insulin resistance, inflammatory response, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure that predispose affected individuals to well-characterized medical conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney chronic disease. The study was designed to establish relationship between metabolic and inflammatory disorder, renal sodium retention and enhanced blood pressure in a group of obese subjects compared with age-matched, lean volunteers. The study was performed after 14��h overnight fast after and before OGTT in 13 lean (BMI 22.92��������2.03��kg/m(2)) and, 27 obese (BMI 36.15��������3.84��kg/m(2)) volunteers. Assessment of HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were calculated and circulating concentrations of TNF-��, IL-6 and C-reactive protein, measured by immunoassay. THE STUDY SHOWS THAT A HYPERINSULINEMIC (HI: 10.85��������4.09����g/ml) subgroup of well-characterized metabolic syndrome bearers-obese subjects show higher glycemic and elevated blood pressure levels when compared to lean and normoinsulinemic (NI: 5.51��������1.18����g/ml, P���<���0.027) subjects. Here, the combination of hyperinsulinemia, higher HOMA-IR (HI: 2.19��������0.70 (n���=���12) vs. LS: 0.83��������0.23 (n���=���12) and NI: 0.98��������0.22 (n���=���15), P���<���0.0001) associated with lower QUICKI in HI obese when compared with LS and NI volunteers (P���<���0.0001), suggests the occurrence of insulin resistance and a defect in insulin-stimulated peripheral action. Otherwise, the adiponectin measured in basal period was significantly enhanced in NI subjects when compared to HI groups (P���<���0.04). The report also showed a similar insulin-mediated reduction of post-proximal urinary sodium excretion in lean (LS: 9.41��������0.68% vs. 6.38��������0.92%, P���=���0.086), and normoinsulinemic (NI: 8.41��������0.72% vs. 5.66��������0.53%, P���=���0.0025) and hyperinsulinemic obese subjects (HI: 8.82��������0.98% vs. 6.32��������0.67%, P���=���0.0264), after oral glucose load, despite elevated insulinemic levels in hyperinsulinemic obeses. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of adiponectin levels and dysfunctional inflammatory modulation associated with hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and renal dysfunction in a particular subgroup of obeses.

Influ��ncia do aux��lio mec��nico na colheita de tomates

Fresh tomato harvest is traditionally made without harvesting aids. The main goal of this research was to evaluate performance parameters of fresh tomato harvesting aid equipment and compare it to traditional harvest, in the state of S��o Paulo. Therefore, an equipment was developed and the harvest process was evaluated in four different ways: traditional system (harvest system used in Santa Luzia farm, Brotas, SP, Brazil), picker walking with a harvesting aid equipment, picker seated in a harvesting aid equipment and a composition of both systems: two pickers seated and one picker walking in two different velocities ranges. The different systems using harvesting aid showed an average yield by picker more efficient than reference. Harvest system using three pickers showed an increase of 290% on yield average by picker, on the range of 0.5-1.0 fruit per plant, followed by the systems with a walking picker, that increased productivity in 41%, and picker seated harvester, that showed an increase of 35%. These results demonstrate the importance of using a harvesting aid equipment.

Metformina interage com o treinamento f��sico diminuindo a glicemia e aumentando o armazenamento de glicog��nio em ratos diab��ticos

INTRODUCTION: Like in humans, lower amounts of glycogen are present in tissues of diabetic rats. However, training or drugs that lower glycemia can improve the metabolic control. Metformin increased glycogen while decreased glycemia in normal rats stressed by exercise. OBJECTIVE: In this work we investigated if regular exercise and metformin effects improve the metabolism of diabetic rats. METHODS: Alloxan diabetic Wistar rats treated with metformin (DTM) or not (DT) were trained. Training consisted of 20 sessions of 30 min, 5 days a week. Sedentary diabetic rats served as control (SD and SDM). Metformin (5.6 ��g/g) was given in the drinking water. After 48 h resting, glucose (mg/dl) and insulin (ng/mL) was measured in plasma and glycogen (mg/100 mg of wet tissue) in liver, soleus and gastrocnemius. RESULTS: Glycemia decreased in DM group from 435��15 to 230��20, in DT group to 143��8.1 and in DTM group to 138��19 mg/dl. DM group had proportional increase in the hepatic glycogen from 1.69��0.22 to 3.53��0.24, and the training increased to 3.36 �� 0.16 mg/100 mg. Metformin induced the same proportional increase in the muscles (soleus from 0.21��0.008 to 0.42��0.03 and gastrocnemius from 0.33��0.02 to 0.46��0.03), while the training promoted increase on gastrocnemius to 0,53 �� 0,03, only. A high interaction was observed in liver (glycogen increased to 6.48��0.34). CONCLUSION: Very small oral doses of metformin and/or, partially restored glycemia in diabetic rats and decreased glycogen in tissues. Its association with an exercise program was beneficial, helping lower glycemia further and increase glycogen stores on liver of diabetic rats.

CARACTER��STICAS DE QUALIDADE DO CONTRAFIL�� (m. L. dorsi) DE TOUROS JOVENS DA RA��A NELORE

Quality traits of boneless rib cut (L. dorsi muscle) from Nelore young bulls. To study the meat quality traits of Nelore breed young bulls, and the effect of age (690-780 days) on them, 113 animals were slaughtered after 109 days of intensive feeding with 20% concentrate and 80% roughage. All the carcasses were graded at the slaughter floor by the Federal Inspection and chilled for 24 hours (Tinitial=5��C, Tfinal=2��C). Fifty one half carcasses (right side), type B - B R A S I L `s grading system - from animals of 23 to 26 months were boned and separated into commercial cuts. Two steaks (2.5cm thick) were removed from each boneless rib cut (m. L. dorsi), vacuum packaged and aged for 7 days (0-2��C). The pH varied from 5.44 to 5.83 and only two samples had pH �� 5.70. The L* (brightness) average value was 34.85. The water and fat content were 75.65% and 1.71%, respectively. The average WB shear force was 6.70kg, and it was not affected by age (690-734 days), but presented a trend (t test, p=0.22) for increasing values between 735 and 780 days. Animal age did not affect other quality traits (t test, p&gt;0.20). It was concluded that the rib cut from Nelore young bulls may not have a good acceptability in exigent markets, and that carcasses graded B, presumed to be the best grade, do not necessarily present the best meat quality characteristics.