O ajuste de funções matemáticas a dados experimentais

The least square method is analyzed. The basic aspects of the method are discussed. Emphasis is given in procedures that allow a simple memorization of the basic equations associated with the linear and non linear least square method, polinomial regression and multilinear method.

Numerical evaluation of the modulus of longitudinal elasticity in structural round timber elements of the Eucalyptus genus

Currently, the standards that deal with the determination of the properties of rigidity and strength for structural round timber elements do not take in consideration in their calculations and mathematical models the influence of the existing irregularities in the geometry of these elements. This study has as objective to determine the effective value of the modulus of longitudinal elasticity for structural round timber pieces of the Eucalyptus citriodora genus by a technique of optimization allied to the Inverse Analysis Method, to the Finite Element Method and the Least Square Method.

Estimation of aircraft aerodynamic derivatives using Extended Kalman Filter

Design of flight control laws, verification of performance predictions, and the implementation of flight simulations are tasks that require a mathematical model of the aircraft dynamics. The dynamical models are characterized by coefficients (aerodynamic derivatives) whose values must be determined from flight tests. This work outlines the use of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) in obtaining the aerodynamic derivatives of an aircraft. The EKF shows several advantages over the more traditional least-square method (LS). Among these the most important are: there are no restrictions on linearity or in the form which the parameters appears in the mathematical model describing the system, and it is not required that these parameters be time invariant. The EKF uses the statistical properties of the process and the observation noise, to produce estimates based on the mean square error of the estimates themselves. Differently, the LS minimizes a cost function based on the plant output behavior. Results for the estimation of some longitudinal aerodynamic derivatives from simulated data are presented.

Determinação de sibutramina em formas farmacêuticas através de espectroscopia no infravermelho com refletância difusa e métodos de calibração multivariada

The goal of this work is the development and validation of an analytical method for fast quantification of sibutramine in pharmaceutical formulations, using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and partial least square regression. The multivariate model was elaborated from 22 mixtures containing sibutramine and excipients (lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate) and using fragmented (750-1150/ 1350-1500/ 1850-1950/ 2600-2900 cm-1) and smoothing spectral data. Using 10 latent variables, excellent predictive capacity were observed in the calibration (n=20, RMSEC=0.004, R= 0.999) and external validation (n=5, RMSEC= 9.36, R=0.999) phases. In the analysis of synthetic mixtures the precision (SD=3,47%) was compatible with the rules of the Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA-Brazil). In the analysis of commercial drugs good agreement was observed between spectroscopic and chromatographic methods.

Avaliação do perfil de dissolução de medicamentos utilizando-se espectroscopia eletrônica multivariada

In this work the evaluation of the dissolution profile of captopril-hydrochlorothiazide and zidovudine-lamivudine associations were carried out by multivariate spectroscopic method. The models were developed by partial least square regression from 20 synthetic mixtures using mean-centered spectral data. The external validation was accomplished with 5 synthetic mixtures shown mean prevision error of about 1%. Good agreement was observed in the analyses of commercial drugs (content uniformity and dissolution profile), considering the results obtained by the standard chromatographic method, with prevision error lower than 10%.

Aplicação de técnicas multivariadas e inteligência artificial na análise de espectros de infravermelho para determinação de matéria orgânica em amostras de solos

In this paper studies based on Multilayer Perception Artificial Neural Network and Least Square Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) techniques are applied to determine of the concentration of Soil Organic Matter (SOM). Performances of the techniques are compared. SOM concentrations and spectral data from Mid-Infrared are used as input parameters for both techniques. Multivariate regressions were performed for a set of 1117 spectra of soil samples, with concentrations ranging from 2 to 400 g kg-1. The LS-SVM resulted in a Root Mean Square Error of Prediction of 3.26 g kg-1 that is comparable to the deviation of the Walkley-Black method (2.80 g kg-1).

Optimization of wood flour acetylation by factorial design and partial least squares regression

Acetylation was performed to reduce the polarity of wood and increase its compatibility with polymer matrices for the production of composites. These reactions were performed first as a function of acetic acid and anhydride concentration in a mixture catalyzed by sulfuric acid. A concentration of 50%/50% (v/v) of acetic acid and anhydride was found to produced the highest conversion rate between the functional groups. After these reactions, the kinetics were investigated by varying times and temperatures using a 3² factorial design, and showed time was the most relevant parameter in determining the conversion of hydroxyl into carbonyl groups.

Surface Tension Implementation for Gensmac2d

In the present work we describe a method which allows the incorporation of surface tension into the GENSMAC2D code. This is achieved on two scales. First on the scale of a cell, the surface tension effects are incorporated into the free surface boundary conditions through the computation of the capillary pressure. The required curvature is estimated by fitting a least square circle to the free surface using the tracking particles in the cell and in its close neighbors. On a sub-cell scale, short wavelength perturbations are filtered out using a local 4-point stencil which is mass conservative. An efficient implementation is obtained through a dual representation of the cell data, using both a matrix representation, for ease at identifying neighbouring cells, and also a tree data structure, which permits the representation of specific groups of cells with additional information pertaining to that group. The resulting code is shown to be robust, and to produce accurate results when compared with exact solutions of selected fluid dynamic problems involving surface tension.

Histopathological diagnosis of intra- and extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis

The histopathology of the liver is fundamental for the differential diagnosis between intra- and extrahepatic causes of neonatal cholestasis. However, histopathological findings may overlap and there is disagreement among authors concerning those which could discriminate between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. Forty-six liver biopsies (35 wedge biopsies and 11 percutaneous biopsies) and one specimen from a postmortem examination, all from patients hospitalized for neonatal cholestasis in the Pediatrics Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, were prospectively studied using a specially designed histopathological protocol. At least 4 of 5 different stains were used, and 46 hepatic histopathological variables related to the differential diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis were studied. The findings were scored for severity on a scale from 0 to 4. Sections which showed less than 3 portal spaces were excluded from the study. Sections were examined by a pathologist who was unaware of the final diagnosis of each case. Bile tract permeability was defined by scintigraphy of the bile ducts and operative cholangiography. The F test and discriminant analysis were used as statistical methods for the study of the hepatic histopathological variables. The chi-square method with Yates correction was used to relate the age of the patients on the date of the histopathological study to the discriminatory variables between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis selected by the discriminant function test. The most valuable hepatic histopathological variables for the discrimination between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis, in decreasing order of importance, were periportal ductal proliferation, portal ductal proliferation, portal expansion, cholestasis in neoductules, foci of myeloid metaplasia, and portal-portal bridges. The only variable which pointed to the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis was myeloid metaplasia. Due to the small number of patients who were younger than 60 days on the date of the histopathological study (N = 6), no variable discriminated between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis before the age of 2 months and all of them, except for the portal expansion, were discriminatory after this age. In infants with cholestasis, foci of myeloid metaplasia, whenever present in the liver biopsy, suggested intrahepatic cholestasis. Periportal ductal proliferation, portal ductal proliferation, portal expansion, cholestasis in neoductules, portal cholestasis and portal-portal bridges suggested extrahepatic obstructive cholestasis.

Influence of strawberry jam color and phenolic compounds on acceptance during storage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the color and phenolic compounds of strawberry jam on acceptance during storage. Jams were processed, stored for 120 days and evaluated monthly for chromatic characteristics, total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins (ANT), total ellagic acid (TEA), flavonoids and free ellagic acid (FEA), and sensory acceptance as well. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by the Least Significant Difference (LSD). Cluster Analysis and Partial Least Square Regression (PLS) were performed to investigate the relationships between instrumental data and acceptance. Contents of ANT, TEA and redness decreased during storage. Other chemical characteristics and sensory acceptance showed a nonlinear behavior. Higher acceptance was observed after 60 days, suggesting a trend of quality improvement followed by decline to the initial levels. The same trend was observed for lightness, non-pigment flavonoids and FEA. According to PLS map, for consumers in cluster 2, acceptance was associated to jams at 60 days and to luminosity, FEA, and non-pigment flavonoids. For cluster 1, a positive association between flavor liking, jam at initial storage, and the contents of TEA and ANT was indicated. Jams at 120 days were positively associated to hue and negatively associated to color liking, for cluster 1. Color and texture were positively correlated to overall liking for cluster 2, whereas for cluster 1, overall acceptance seemed to be more associated to flavor liking. Changes in color and phenolic compounds slightly influenced the acceptance of strawberry jams, but in different ways for consumers clusters.

Confiança organizacional e compartilhamento e uso do conhecimento tácito

Este estudo investiga a influência da confiança organizacional no desejo de usar e compartilhar o conhecimento tácito, baseado em hipóteses sobre a relação entre capacidade, benevolência e integridade nesse desejo. A amostra foi formada por 655 militares do Exército, instituição caracterizada por cultura de elevada exigência de confiança individual e organizacional, coletada em três instituições de formação de oficiais. O uso da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais (partial least square) apresentou resultados que sugerem que esse desejo não é significativamente influenciado pela intensidade da confiança organizacional, definida com base na capacidade, benevolência e integridade dos indivíduos. Esses resultados refutam pesquisas anteriores de Holste e Fields, que destacam a influência do fator afeição no compartilhamento e o fator cognição no uso do conhecimento tácito, indicando a necessidade de compreender melhor os estímulos ao uso e compartilhamento do conhecimento dentro das estruturas organizacionais.

Sôbre uma propriedade da equação utilizada para interpolação da Lei de Mitscherlich

The author proves that equation, Σy n ΣZx | ΣxyZx ΣxZx ΣxZ2x | = 0, Σy ΣZx Σy2x | where Z = 10-cq and q is a numerical constant, used by Pimentel Gomes and Malavolta in several articles for the interpolation of Mitscherlih's equation y = A [ 1 - 10 - c (x + b) ] by the least squares method, always has a zero of order three for Z = 1. Therefore, equation A Zm + A1Zm -1 + ........... + Am = 0 obtained from that determinant can be divided by (Z-1)³. This property provides a good test for the correctness of the computations and facilitates the solution of the equation.

Detection of cytomegalovirus in urine of HIV-infected patients by DNA-DNA hybridization comparison with virus isolation, immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase

Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase test directed against early viral antigens, and DNA-DNA hybridization were compared with viral isolation for their abilities to detect Cytomegalovirus (CVM) in the urine of 89 HIV infected patients. From the 100 urine samples collected, 70 were found positive by at least one method. Considering viral isolation as the "gold standard" technique, immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase had a sensitivity of 92.3% and88% respectively, with a specificity in both cases of 95%. DNA-DNA hybridization showed a sensitivity of 90% but with lower (60%) specificity. All of the three assays were effective in detecting CVM from urine and the technical advantage of each is discussed.

Inovatividade organizacional e seus antecedentes: um estudo aplicado às tecnologias para pecuária

Neste estudo, propõe-se um modelo para explicar a inovatividade dos pecuaristas de gado de corte sob a perspectiva organizacional. Segundo a teoria de difusão de inovações, a inovatividade organizacional é caracterizada como o grau em que uma organização inova relativamente mais cedo do que as demais. Para avaliar a inovatividade, quatro antecedentes foram considerados, sendo: as características percebidas da inovação compostas por vantagem relativa, compatibilidade, imagem, demonstração de resultado, visibilidade, experimentabilidade, voluntariedade e facilidade de uso; a participação dos pecuaristas em redes sociais, caracterizadas como redes de relacionamentos entre pares; as fontes de informação comercial, caracterizadas como informações obtidas por meio dos relacionamentos para reduzir os riscos; a psicografia organizacional, composta por direção, centralidade da decisão, abertura de comunicação e motivação para a conquista. Os quatro construtos possuem uma relação positiva com a inovatividade organizacional. Com amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, foram obtidos 205 questionários válidos. Na análise de componentes múltiplos, observou-se que o perfil dos respondentes se mostrou distinto quanto à inovatividade. Essa distinção motivou a geração de uma taxonomia com base no perfil de adoção de tecnologias com o objetivo de identificar as diferenças no comportamento inovativo, o que resultou em três grupos. Assim, três modelos foram analisados e comparados por meio da modelagem de equações estruturais, utilizando-se o método Partial Least Square (PLS). Os resultados mostraram que o grupo dos menos inovadores pauta suas decisões de adoção de novas tecnologias pelas redes sociais, pela compatibilidade da tecnologia com suas atividades organizacionais e pela imagem que ela tem perante os demais pecuaristas. Os intermediários têm uma psicografia organizacional voltada para a inovatividade, porém a adoção de novas tecnologias parece estar mais relacionada às imposições de mercado do que propriamente à percepção de suas características inovadoras. Os mais inovadores, como formadores de opinião, possuem uma inovatividade organizacional construída a partir de fontes de informação comerciais e avaliam o custo da tecnologia como um investimento positivo para o futuro de seu negócio.

Análise de fatores associados ao significado do trabalho

O trabalho tem sido visto não somente como forma de obter a renda, mas também como atividade que proporciona realização pessoal, status social e possibilidade de estabelecer e manter contatos interpessoais, entre outros. Nesta pesquisa, teve-se como objetivo investigar os fatores que influenciam e conferem sentido ao trabalho, como centralidade do trabalho, normas da sociedade e objetivos e resultados valorizados. Na centralidade do trabalho, procurou-se investigar o grau de importância do trabalho dentro do contexto das diversas áreas da vida das pessoas, como família, lazer, religião e vida comunitária. Em normas da sociedade, foram analisados os pontos mais significativos no tocante ao que a sociedade deveria proporcionar ao indivíduo, assim como o que o indivíduo deveria fazer em prol da sociedade. Nos objetivos e resultados valorizados, foi pesquisado o que as pessoas buscam com o trabalho. A partir da pesquisa na literatura, foi elaborado um modelo inicial que, não se mostrando satisfatório segundo critérios estatísticos, foi substituído por outro que apresentou significância estatística e boa aderência aos dados. O modelo escolhido foi o que melhor goodness-of-fit apresentou, quando se utilizou modelagem de equações estruturais pelo método partial least square. O estudo revelou que o significado do trabalho se reflete, na ordem, na centralidade do trabalho, nos objetivos e resultados valorizados e, por último, nas normas sociais.