Rastreamento de uso de álcool por gestantes de serviços públicos de saúde do Rio de Janeiro

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de casos suspeitos de uso inadequado de álcool durante a gestação entre mulheres atendidas na rede pública de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 537 parturientes selecionadas aleatoriamente em maternidades públicas do Rio de Janeiro entre março e outubro de 2000. Entrevistadoras adequadamente treinadas identificaram os casos suspeitos de uso inadequado de álcool utilizando os instrumentos Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty e Eye-opener (CAGE), Tolerance Cut-down, Annoyed e Eye-opener (T-ACE) e Tolerance Worry Eye-opener Annoyed Cut-down (TWEAK). Na análise segundo variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Cerca de 40% das mulheres relataram fazer uso de algum tipo de bebida alcoólica durante a gestação, sendo a cerveja a bebida mais consumida (83,9%). Dependendo do instrumento de identificação, estimou-se que entre 7,3% e 26,1% das mulheres eram casos suspeitos de uso inadequado de álcool. A suspeição de utilização inadequada foi mais comum entre as mulheres de idade mais avançada; de baixa escolaridade; que não se declararam brancas; que não viviam com companheiro; que relataram tabagismo e uso de drogas ilícitas por um dos membros do casal; e com pouco apoio social. CONCLUSÕES: A alta prevalência de suspeição de uso inadequado de álcool e sua superposição com diferentes fatores de risco para desfechos deletérios na gestação indicam um importante problema de saúde pública, merecendo ser rotineiramente rastreada durante o acompanhamento pé-natal.

Chronic use of benzodiazepines among older adults

OBJECTIVE To analyze the perception of and motivation for the chronic use of benzodiazepine among older adults. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted on 22 older adults living in Bambuí, MG, Southeastern Brazil, who were taking benzodiazepines and had the clinical and cognitive ability to respond to interview questions. The collected data were analyzed on the basis of the “signs, meanings, and actions” model. RESULTS The main reasons pointed out for the use of benzodiazepines were “nervousness”, “sleep problems”, and “worry” due to family and financial problems, everyday problems, and existential difficulties. None of the interviewees said that they used benzodiazepines in a dose higher than that recommended or had been warned by health professionals about any risks of their continuous use. Different strategies were used to obtain the prescription for the medication, and any physician would prescribe it, indicating that a bond was established with the drug and not with the health professional or healthcare service. Obtaining and consuming the medication turned into a crucial issue because benzodiazepine assumes the status of an essential food, which leads users to not think but sleep. It causes a feeling of relief from their problems such as awareness of human finitude and fragility, existential difficulties, and family problems. CONCLUSIONS Benzodiazepine assumes the characteristics of polyvalence among older adults, which extrapolate specific clinical indications, and of essentiality to deal with life’s problems in old age. Although it relieves the “nerves”, the chronic use of benzodiazepines buffers suffering and prevents older adults from going through the suffering. This shows important difficulties in the organization and planning of strategies that are necessary for minimizing the chronic use in this population.

Cypsela or achene? Refining terminology by considering anatomical and historical factors

The worry about the indiscriminate use of the terms cypsela and achene for the fruits of Asteraceae has been frequently detached by specialists in this family. The present work was developed aiming to verify the existence of arguments to justify the adoption of a term against the other. After historical and anatomical analysis, we concluded that there is technical basis to consider cypsela and achene as different types of fruits. For Asteraceae, the correct is to call cypsela; achenes are only derived from superior ovaries, as in Plumbaginaceae.