Vocal warm-up and breathing training for teachers: randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of two speech therapy interventions, vocal warm-up and breathing training, focusing on teachers’ voice quality.METHODS A single-blind, randomized, parallel clinical trial was conducted. The research included 31 20 to 60-year old teachers from a public school in Salvador, BA, Northeasatern Brazil, with minimum workloads of 20 hours a week, who have or have not reported having vocal alterations. The exclusion criteria were the following: being a smoker, excessive alcohol consumption, receiving additional speech therapy assistance while taking part in the study, being affected by upper respiratory tract infections, professional use of the voice in another activity, neurological disorders, and history of cardiopulmonary pathologies. The subjects were distributed through simple randomization in groups vocal warm-up (n = 14) and breathing training (n = 17). The teachers’ voice quality was subjectively evaluated through the Voice Handicap Index (Índice de Desvantagem Vocal, in the Brazilian version) and computerized voice analysis (average fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, noise, and glottal-to-noise excitation ratio) by speech therapists.RESULTS Before the interventions, the groups were similar regarding sociodemographic characteristics, teaching activities, and vocal quality. The variations before and after the intervention in self-assessment and acoustic voice indicators have not significantly differed between the groups. In the comparison between groups before and after the six-week interventions, significant reductions in the Voice Handicap Index of subjects in both groups were observed, as wells as reduced average fundamental frequencies in the vocal warm-up group and increased shimmer in the breathing training group. Subjects from the vocal warm-up group reported speaking more easily and having their voices more improved in a general way as compared to the breathing training group.CONCLUSIONS Both interventions were similar regarding their effects on the teachers’ voice quality. However, each contribution has individually contributed to improve the teachers’ voice quality, especially the vocal warm-up.TRIAL RECORD NCT02102399, “Vocal Warm-up and Respiratory Muscle Training in Teachers”.

Vocalization of broilers can be used to identify their sex and genetic strain

In order to reach higher broiler performance, farmers target losses reduction. One way to make this possible is by rearing sexed broilers as male and female present diverse performance due to their physiological differences. Birds from different genetic strain also have a distinct performance at the same age. Considering that sexed flocks may present higher performance this study aimed to identify one-day-old chicks’ sex throughout their vocalization. This research also investigated the possibility of identifying the genetic strain by their vocalization attributes. A total of 120 chicks, half of them were from Cobb® genetic strain and the other half from Ross® genetic strain. From each group, a total of 30 were males and 30 females, which were previously separated by sex using their secondary physiological characteristics at the hatchery. Vocalizations audio recording was done inside a semi-anechoic chamber using a unidirectional microphone connected to an audio input of a digital recorder. Vocalizations were recorded for two minutes. Acoustic characteristics of the sounds were analyzed being calculated the fundamental frequency Pitch, the sound intensity, the first formant, and second formant. Results indicated that the vocalizations of both sexes could be identified by the second formant, and the genetic strain was detected by both the second formant and the Pitch.

Photic driving in the electroencephalogram of children and adolescents: harmonic structure and relation to the resting state

In order to identify latent bioelectrical oscillators, 15 normal subjects (aged 9-17 years, 8 males, 7 females) were subjected to intermittent photic stimulation. The EEG amplitude spectra corresponding to the 11 fixed frequencies of stimulation presented (3-24 Hz) were combined to form "profiles" of the driving reaction in the right occipital area. The driving response varied with frequency, and was demonstrable in 70-100% of cases (using as criterion peak amplitudes 20% larger than those of the neighbors). The strongest responses were observed at the frequency closest to the alpha peak of the resting EEG. A secondary profile maximum was in the theta band. In 10 subjects, this maximum exceeded half the alpha peak (with an average of 72.4% of the alpha peak), while in the resting spectra, theta amplitudes were much lower than the alpha maxima. This responsiveness in theta activity seems to be characteristic of prepubertal and pubertal subjects. The profiles and resting EEG spectra showed a highly significant Pearson's correlation, with the peak in the theta band of the profiles being the main difference observed between them. The correlation coefficient was significantly correlated with the ratio of the maxima in the theta and alpha bands (R = -0.77, P<0.001). The correlation coefficient between profile and resting spectrum may be a useful indicator in screening methods used to reveal latent cerebral oscillators. Profiles for the second and third harmonics were correlated with those of the first harmonic (fundamental frequency), when considering the corresponding EEG frequencies. Peak frequencies in all three profiles were close to those of the individual's background alpha rhythm, and peak amplitudes in higher harmonics were not much lower than those of the fundamental frequency (mean values of 84 and 63%, for second and third harmonics, respectively).

Análise da freqüência fundamental, jitter, shimmer e intensidade vocal em crianças com transtorno fonológico

O transtorno fonológico é uma alteração de manifestação primária de causa indefinida que torna a fala ininteligível. A análise de parâmetros vocais torna-se importante no processo do diagnóstico deste transtorno, pois distúrbios de voz poderiam interferir na produção dos sons da fala. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as características vocais relacionadas à intensidade e freqüência fundamental - F0 - e seus índices de perturbação - jitter e shimmer - em crianças com transtorno fonológico. FORMA DE ESTUDO: clínico prospectivo com coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram sujeitos 40 crianças distribuídas em dois grupos: 20 com transtorno fonológico e 20 sem alteração de fala e linguagem. Foram aplicadas provas de fonologia do Teste de Linguagem Infantil ABFW e de fala espontânea. Utilizou-se o Computer Speech Lab, para gravação e análise acústica das vogais /a/, /e/, /i/, por meio dos parâmetros vocais: freqüência fundamental, intensidade, jitter e shimmer. RESULTADOS: F0 - vogal /e/ é menor, em média, para o Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico (126Hz) e 237Hz no Grupo Controle. Para o shimmer e jitter não há evidência de que as médias do Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico sejam diferentes das do Grupo Controle (p= 0,191, p=0,865 respectivamente). Quanto à intensidade, há evidência de que a média diferencia os dois grupos (p= 0,002). CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência da vogal /e/ é menor no Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico. Existe diferença entre grupos para as médias da intensidade das vogais /a/, /e/ e /i/, sendo estas menores no Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre grupos para as médias do jitter e do shimmer.

Estudo da freqüência fundamental da voz de idosas portadoras de diferentes graus de perda auditiva

A deficiência auditiva, dentre outros, é um dos distúrbios mais referidos pela população idosa. Sabe-se que o sistema de feedback auditivo é primordial para o monitoramento dos parâmetros vocais, como a freqüência fundamenta. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a audição e os valores de F0 (freqüência fundamental) da voz de idosas portadores de diferentes graus de sensibilidade auditiva. FORMA DO ESTUDO: Transversal descritivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Amostra de 30 idosas, idades média de 76,23, portadoras de audição normal ou perda auditiva neurossensorial descendente simétrica. Foram submetidas a anamnese, avaliação auditiva (audiometria tonal limiar, IPRF e imitanciometria) e avaliação vocal. Os resultados de ambas as avaliações foram correlacionados. RESULTADOS: A F0 da produção vocal de idosas com perda leve (144,44) foi significantemente menor que para perda moderada (160,3), moderadamente severa (188,23) e severa (201,27), tanto utilizando a classificação de grau da perda auditiva para freqüências baixas como altas. CONCLUSÃO: Quanto mais elevado o grau da perda auditiva, maior o valor de freqüência fundamental encontrado.

Implicações do efeito Lombard sobre a intensidade, freqüência fundamental e estabilidade da voz de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson

A Doença de Parkinson afeta o sistema nervoso central resultando em alterações qualitativas da voz que pouco melhoram com o tratamento farmacológico e com a fonoterapia tradicional. Estudos mostram que o mascaramento auditivo leva ao aumento da intensidade da voz em indivíduos normais (Efeito Lombard). OBJETIVO: Avaliar implicações do efeito Lombard sobre a intensidade, freqüência fundamental e estabilidade da voz de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson (N=17). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo clínico e experimental. Material e Métodos: Através de análise acústica, avaliamos as alterações de intensidade e freqüência fundamental, antes e depois da exposição a mascaramento auditivo "white noise", em 40, 70 e 90 dBNS, bem como as variações durante cada emissão e comparamos com um grupo controle (N=16). RESUTADOS: A intensidade de emissão vocal variou de acordo com a intensidade de mascaramento, tendendo a aumento não-linear, ocorrendo também nos grupos Parkinson e controle, não sendo influenciado pelo sexo. A freqüência fundamental da emissão vocal variou, tendendo a aumento não-linear, em ambos os grupos e sexos. Ocorreu melhora da estabilidade, tanto com relação à freqüência quanto à intensidade de emissão vocal. CONCLUSÃO: O Efeito Lombard elevou a intensidade e freqüência fundamental e melhorou a estabilidade da voz desses pacientes.

Investimento público em educação fundamental e a qualidade do ensino: uma avaliação regional dos resultados do Fundef

Desde 1998, o financiamento da educação pública fundamental no Brasil está submetido a critérios de vinculação de receitas governamentais regulamentados pelo Fundef (Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e de Valorização do Magistério). Entre os objetivos do fundo está o de garantir recursos mínimos para o investimento público em educação fundamental, assegurando a qualidade do ensino oferecido e, por conseguinte, a melhora na proficiência dos alunos. Com base nos dados de volume de recursos investidos no ensino fundamental via Fundef e nos resultados das Saebs (sinopses estatísticas da educação básica), este artigo analisa os efeitos dessa política pública sobre o desempenho dos alunos da rede pública de ensino fundamental brasileira. Os resultados apontam a importância do aporte financeiro e da qualificação do magistério para o aperfeiçoamento da qualidade da educação pública.

Food frequency consumption and lipoproteins serum levels in the population of an urban area, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between food group consumption frequency and serum lipoprotein levels among adults. METHODS: The observations were made during a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of men and women over 20 years old living in Cotia county, S. Paulo, Brazil. Data on food frequency consumption, serum lipids, and other covariates were available for 1,045 adults. Multivariate analyses adjusted by age, gender, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, educational level, family income, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption were performed. RESULTS: Consumption of processed meat, chicken, red meat, eggs and dairy foods were each positively and significantly correlated with LDL-C, whereas the intake of vegetables and fruits showed an inverse correlation. Daily consumption of processed meat, chicken, red meat, eggs, and dairy foods were associated with 16.6 mg/dl, 14.5 mg/dl, 11.1 mg/dl, 5.8 mg/dl, and 4.6 mg/dl increase in blood LDL-C, respectively. Increases of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables were associated with 5.2 mg/dl and 5.5 mg/dl decreases in LDL-C, respectively. Alcohol beverage consumption showed a significant positive correlation with HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary habits in the study population seem to contribute substantially to the variation in blood LDL and HDL concentrations. Substantially CHD risk reduction could be achieved with dietary changes.

Crescimento e trabalho de estudantes de ensino fundamental e médio em São Paulo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Verificar alguns fatores de risco para a baixa estatura em adolescentes escolares e trabalhadores. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi estratificada, constituída por 50% dos escolares da quinta série ao terceiro colegial das duas maiores escolas dos municípios de Monteiro Lobato e de Santo Antonio do Pinhal, em 1999, uma de zona urbana e outra de zona rural, com um total de 756 indivíduos. A desnutrição foi definida pelo indicador altura/idade, segundo o padrão do National Center for Health Statistics (1977). Foram feitas a distribuição da altura/idade na população amostrada e uma análise multivariada, utilizando o método "stepwise", em que a baixa estatura foi a variável dependente. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que 12,7% (96) dos adolescentes estavam abaixo do P5 do padrão, 24,4% (184) entre os centis 5 e 15 e 47,1% ( 356) entre 15 e 50. A chance de baixa estatura foi associada à idade: tomando-se como base a faixa etária entre 10 e 13 anos, para os indivíduos entre 14 e 17 anos, encontrou-se mais do que o dobro de chance de baixa altura (ORaj=2,49) e, para aqueles de 17 a 19, o triplo (ORaj=3,37). Estar desempregado aumenta o risco de baixa estatura (ORaj=2,86) em relação aos que trabalham. Também são maiores as chances de baixa estatura entre os que trabalham em tempo parcial (ORaj=1,81). CONCLUSÕES: Constataram-se determinantes econômicos no risco de desnutrição crônica entre os adolescentes, na medida em que o trabalho é parte imprescindível da estratégia de sobrevivência desse grupo. Ressalta-se que a aplicação da legislação referente ao trabalho do menor deve ser acompanhada de políticas públicas compensatórias.

The frequency of blood-born viral infections in a population of multitransfused Brazilian patients

The frequency of viral markers for hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) was evaluated in 32 Brazilian ß-thalassemia multitransfused patients. Additionaly the serum concentrations of ferritin and alanine aspartate transaminase (ALAT) were determined. The results show a high prevalence of markers of infection by HBV (25.0%) and HCV (46.8%) and a low prevalence of markers for HIV-1 and HTLV-1. No correlations were demonstrated between the presence of the hepatitis markers and the number of units transfused or the serum concentrations of ferritin and ALAT.

Relative Frequency of Nosocomial Microorganisms at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994

The frequency of microorganisms identified in nosocomial infections at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994 was analysed. The most common microorganism was S. aureus (20.9%), which was found in surgical wound, bloodstream and arterial-venous infections. In urinary tract infections (UTI), gram-negative rods (56.5%) and yeasts (9%) predominated. A. baumannii isolates were observed to have increased in the last three years. There was a gradual increase in the frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci and A. baumannii in bloodstream infections but there wasn’t any change in Candida sp

Frequency of dermatophytes in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

In order to evaluate the distribution of dermatophytes in Porto Alegre, the capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, they were isolated from the skin, hairs and nails samples and retrospectively analyzed from June 1981 to June 1995, in two different institutions in the city of Porto Alegre: (i) the Serviço de Micologia do Instituto de Pesquisas Biológicas Jandyr Maya Faillace, da Secretaria de Saúde e Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul which attends the low income population (low and middle classes) and, (ii) Laboratório Weinmann, a clinical pathology laboratory which attends predominantly the higher income population (middle and upper classes), both which attend in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. The dermatophyte predominance of Trichophyton rubrum was confirmed (55.33%) followed by T. mentagrophytes (21.46%). The data obtained were compared with the existing prevalence data which were collected in the interior of the state over a period of 32 years (1960-1992). T. verrucosum, T. simii, Microsporum persicolor, T. schöenleinii, M. nanum and M. cookei were isolated in the interior and have not been found in the capital so far. On the other side, T. violaceum was, isolated in the capital and has not been found in the interior so far.

Frequency of suspected cases of neurocysticercosis detected by computed skull tomography in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

Due to the lack of studies about neurocysticercosis in the South of Brazil, an investigation was conducted to determine the percentage of suspected cases of neurocysticercosis in computed tomography diagnoses in Santa Maria, RS, from January 1997 to December 1998. Of 6300 computed tomographies (CT) of the skull performed at the private Hospital de Caridade Astrogildo de Azevedo, 80, i.e., 1.27% were suspected of neurocysticercosis. Fifty were women (62.5%) and 30 were men (37.5%). The most frequent radiological manifestation indicating neurocysticercosis was the presence of calcifications (isolated or associated), with a 95% rate (76 cases), while the presence of hypodense lesions reached a 5% rate (4 cases). After routine analysis, each CT was evaluated again and the suspected cases were confirmed. The percentage of suspected cases of neurocysticercosis detected by CT in the present study carried out in Santa Maria was considered low (1.27%). This can be explained by the fact that tomography is not accessible to the economically underprivileged population of Santa Maria. We hope that the present study can alert the population and the professionals to the fact that neurocysticercosis is a more frequent disease than indicated by the few diagnoses made.