Hidrocolpo por ectopia ureteral em hemivagina associado a displasia renal: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Os autores apresentam um caso de displasia renal associada a ectopia ureteral vaginal homolateral, com uretero-hidronefrose contralateral devida a compressão por hidrocolpo causado pela ectopia e por um septo vaginal oblíquo. Os exames de imagem utilizados foram urografia excretora, cistografia, ultra-sonografia, tomografia computadorizada e cintilografia renal com Tc-99m-DMSA. Foi realizada revisão da literatura sobre casos de hidrocolpo associado a malformações urinárias.

Formato da onda do jato ureteral ao estudo Doppler espectral: comparação interobservadores. Estudo prospectivo em crianças assintomáticas

OBJETIVO: Diagnóstico precoce de distúrbios miccionais pode diminuir as repercussões sociais e psicológicas e evitar lesões renais. O jato ureteral pode ser avaliado por estudo Doppler, método que apresenta boa associação com dados clínicos dos pacientes no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico de disfunção miccional. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a concordância interobservadores entre os tipos de jato ureteral. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de concordância interobservadores. Um total de 41 pacientes foi examinado sequencialmente por dois médicos ultrassonografistas. Para cada paciente, três curvas dopplerfluxométricas foram obtidas de jatos consecutivos de cada ureter. O número de picos em cada curva foi observado e classificado. A velocidade máxima do maior pico de cada onda foi observada. Coeficientes kappa (κ) foram calculados. RESULTADOS: A concordância interobservadores foi moderada (κ = 0,48; intervalo de confiança 95%: 0,36-0,60). O padrão platô foi o mais frequente. As velocidades máximas dos ureteres, medidas pelos dois observadores, foram de 32,37 cm/s e 35,63 cm/s, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O exame das curvas dopplerfluxométricas do jato ureteral é método que demonstrou moderada concordância interobservadores.

Ureteral reconstruction with abdominal wall muscle flap: experimental study in rabbits

The authors detail the experimental development of a technique for the reconstruction of the ureter using a tubular shape, muscle flap of the abdominal wall. the preliminary results indicate the feasibility of this surgical technique.

Estudo da ocorrência de litíase renal e ureteral em gatos com doença renal crônica

Investigou-se a ocorrência de nefrolitíase e/ou ureterolitíase em 72 gatos portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC), classificados predominantemente no estágio II, segundo os critérios designados pela IRIS - International Renal Interest Society. Destes pacientes, 47 (65,27%) apresentaram litíase renal e ou ureteral. Não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo de estudo (DRC com cálculo) e o grupo controle (DRC sem cálculo) em relação à idade (p=0,274). Apesar disso, os pacientes portadores de nefrolitíase e/ou ureterolitíase apresentaram maiores indícios de lesão renal, caracterizados por diferenças estatisticamente relevantes da densidade urinária (p=0,013) e pelo menor tamanho dos rins direito (p=0,009) e esquerdo (p=0,048). Encontrou-se similaridade entre os grupos em relação a outros parâmetros, tais como as concentrações plasmáticas de cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, sódio, potássio e paratormônio intacto (PTHi). Os valores das concentrações séricas de ureia e bicarbonato diferiram entre os grupos, com valores de p=0,039 e p=0,037, respectivamente. Além disso, foi mensurada a pressão arterial, que se manteve inalterada na comparação entre o grupo de estudo e o grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a necessidade de acompanhamento ultrassonográfico de todos os pacientes portadores de DRC, mesmo daqueles assintomáticos ou em estágios iniciais da doença.

An experimental model for the measurement of renal function after temporary ureteral obstruction in the rat

We present the results obtained with a ureterovesical implant after ipsilateral ureteral obstruction in the rat, suitable for the study of renal function after deobstruction in these animals. Thirty-seven male Wistar rats weighing 260 to 300 g were submitted to distal right ureteral ligation and divided into 3 groups, A (N = 13, 1 week of obstruction), B (N = 14, 2 weeks of obstruction) and C (N = 10, 3 weeks of obstruction). The animals were then submitted to ureterovesical implantation on the right side and nephrectomy on the left side. During the 4-week follow-up period serum levels of urea and creatinine were measured on the 2nd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day and compared with preoperative levels. The ureterovesical implantation included a psoas hitch procedure and the ureter was pulled into the bladder using a transvesical suture. During the first week of the postoperative period 8 animals died, 4/13 in group A (1 week of obstruction) and 4/14 in group B (2 weeks of obstruction). When compared to preoperative serum levels, urea and creatinine showed a significant increase (P<0.05) on the 2nd postoperative day in groups A and B, with a gradual return to lower levels. However, the values in group B animals were higher than those in group A at the end of the follow-up. In group C, 2/10 animals (after 3 weeks of obstruction) were sacrificed at the time of ureterovesical implantation due to infection of the obstructed kidneys. The remaining animals in this group were operated upon but all of them died during the first week of follow-up due to renal failure. This technique of ureterovesical implantation in the rat provides effective drainage of the upper urinary tract, permitting the development of an experimental model for the study of long-term renal function after a period of ureteral obstruction

Dermatan sulfate reduces monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and TGF-β production, as well as macrophage recruitment and myofibroblast accumulation in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction

Selectins play an essential role in most inflammatory reactions, mediating the initial leukocyte-rolling event on activated endothelium. Heparin and dermatan sulfate (DS) bind and block P- and L-selectin function in vitro. Recently, we reported that subcutaneous administration of DS inhibits colon inflammation in rats by reducing macrophage and T-cell recruitment and macrophage activation. In the present study, we examined the effect of porcine intestinal mucosa DS on renal inflammation and fibrosis in mice after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Twenty-four adult male Swiss mice weighing 20-25 g were divided into 4 groups: group C (N = 6) was not subjected to any surgical manipulation; group SH (N = 6) was subjected to surgical manipulation but without ureter ligation; group UUO (N = 6) was subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction and received no treatment; group UUO plus DS (N = 6) was subjected to UUO and received DS (4 mg/kg) subcutaneously daily for 14 days. An immunoblot study was also performed for TGF-β. Collagen (stained area ~3700 µm²), MCP-1 (stained area ~1700 µm²), TGF-β (stained area ~13% of total area), macrophage (number of cells ~40), and myofibroblast (stained area ~1900 µm²) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the UUO group compared to control. DS treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the content of collagen (stained area ~700 µm²), MCP-1 (stained area ~160 µm²) and TGF-β (stained area ~5% of total area), in addition to myofibroblast (stained area ~190 µm²) and macrophage (number of cells ~32) accumulation in the obstructed kidney. Overall, these results indicate that DS attenuates kidney inflammation by reducing macrophage recruitment, myofibroblast population and fibrosis in mice submitted to UUO.

LEPROSY NEPHROPATHY: A REVIEW OF CLINICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES

Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, highly incapacitating, and with systemic involvement in some cases. Renal involvement has been reported in all forms of the disease, and it is more frequent in multibacillary forms. The clinical presentation is variable and is determined by the host immunologic system reaction to the bacilli. During the course of the disease there are the so called reactional states, in which the immune system reacts against the bacilli, exacerbating the clinical manifestations. Different renal lesions have been described in leprosy, including acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, secondary amyloidosis and pyelonephritis. The exact mechanism that leads to glomerulonephritis in leprosy is not completely understood. Leprosy treatment includes rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine. Prednisone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to control acute immunological episodes.

Ascaridíase das vias urinárias: um caso de penetração de Ascaris lumbricoides através do rim

Uma criança de 2 anos com desnutrição grave e infestação intestinal maciça por Ascaris lumbricoides, apresentou como complicação, documentada em necrópsia, a migração de vermes adultos para a cavidade peritonial e penetração aberrante de dois parasitos através do rim esquerdo. Os Ascaris ficaram alojados no sistema pielo-ureteral, determinando grave infecção purulenta e obstrução ureteral. Esta complicação demonstra a capacidade agressiva de vermes erráticos na cavidade peritonial, com possibilidade de perfurar mesmo uma víscera sólida. São comentados os fatores que facilitaram a migração dos vermes por aqueles órgãos.

Laparoscopic treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of two cases and review of the literature

OBJECTIVES: We present the results of treatment by laparoscopy of two patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis and review the literature since 1992, when the first case of this disease that was treated using laparoscopy was published. We also discuss the contemporary alternatives of clinical treatment with corticosteroids and tamoxifen. CASE REPORT: Two female patients, one with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, and other with retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with Riedel's thyroiditis, were treated using laparoscopic surgery. Both cases had bilateral pelvic ureteral obstruction and were treated using the same technique: transperitoneal laparoscopy, medial mobilization of both colons, liberation of both ureters from the fibrosis, and intraperitonealisation of the ureters. Double-J catheters were inserted before the operations and removed 3 weeks after the procedures. The first patient underwent intraperitonealisation of both ureters in a single procedure. The other had 2 different surgical procedures because of technical difficulties during the first operation. Both patients were followed for more than 1 year and recovered completely from the renal insufficiency. One of them still has occasional vague lumbar pain. There were no abnormalities in the intravenous pyelography in either case. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical correction of retroperitoneal fibrosis, when indicated, should be attempted using laparoscopy. If possible, bilateral ureterolysis and intraperitonealisation of both ureters should be performed in the same operation.

Ultrasound monitoring of structural urinary tract disease in Schistosoma haematobium infection

A major advance in our understanding of the natural history of Schistosoma haematobium-related morbidity has come through the introduction of the portable ultrasound machines for non-invasive examination of the kidneys and bladder. With the use of generators or battery packs to supply power in non-clinical field settings, and with the use of instant photography or miniaturized thermal printers to record permanent images, it is possible to examine scores of individuals in endemic communities every day. Broad-based ultrasound screening has allowed better definition of age-specific disease risks in urinary schistosomiasis. Results indicate that urinary tract abnormalities are common (18% overall prevalence) in S. haematobium transmission areas, with a 2-4% risk of either severe bladder abnormality or advanced ureteral obstruction. In longitudinal surveys, ultrasound studies have shown that praziquantel and metrifonate therapy are rapidly effective in reversing urinary tract abnormalities among children. The benefits of treating adults are less well known, but research in progress should help to define this issue. Similarly, the prognosis of specific ultrasound findings needs to be clarified, and the ease of sonographic examination will make such long-term follow-up studies feasible. In summary, the painless, quick, and reproducible ultrasound examination has become an essential tool in the study of urinary schistosomiasis.

O valor da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal sem contraste na avaliação de pacientes com dor no flanco

Os nossos objetivos foram estabelecer a eficácia da tomografia computadorizada sem contraste em diagnosticar a ureterolitíase, calcular a freqüência dos principais sinais tomográficos e medir a concordância interobservador, comparando-a com os resultados obtidos na urografia excretora, realizando estudo prospectivo duplo-cego em 25 pacientes com cólica nefrética. Em ambos os procedimentos avaliamos a existência de aumento renal, hidronefrose e cálculo ureteral. Deste último, descrevemos a sua localização e dimensão. Nos exames de tomografia computadorizada sem contraste procuramos também por estrias perirrenais, edema periureteral e o sinal do halo. Em 23 dos 25 exames de tomografia computadorizada sem contraste (92%) e em 17 das 25 urografias excretoras (68%) houve concordância dos resultados entre os dois observadores. Em 21 dos 25 pacientes os resultados dos dois métodos foram concordantes. Concluímos que a tomografia computadorizada sem contraste apresenta eficácia superponível à urografia excretora na avaliação de pacientes com cólica nefrética, sendo um método reprodutível e sem promover o desconforto do uso do contraste endovenoso.