115 resultados para titânias modificadas com SiO2 e dopadas com N

em Scielo Saúde Pública - SP


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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações químicas e físicas em batatas 'Ágata' minimamente processadas, embaladas sob diferentes atmosferas, durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Batatas 'Ágata' foram minimamente processadas como minibatatas e embaladas em filmes de náilon multicamadas. Os tratamentos aplicados no momento da embalagem foram o vácuo parcial e as misturas 10%CO2, 2%O2, 88%N2 ou 5%CO2, 5%O2, 90%N2. Em seguida, foram armazenadas a 5ºC. A cada três dias, amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao índice de escurecimento, atividade da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase, firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais e acidez titulável. O armazenamento sob vácuo parcial foi o mais eficaz no controle do escurecimento, da minimização da atividade da polifenoloxidase e da peroxidase, prevenindo alterações nos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, redução da firmeza, encharcamento da embalagem e maior acidez titulável. Os demais tratamentos apresentaram rápido desenvolvimento do escurecimento, aumento de firmeza em decorrência de ressecamento dos tubérculos, elevação nos sólidos solúveis totais e menor desenvolvimento da acidez em comparação ao tratamento sob vácuo parcial. A utilização de vácuo parcial foi a mais recomendada para a manutenção da qualidade das minibatatas. Todavia, outros tratamentos que busquem a manutenção da firmeza e frescor, sem o desenvolvimento de off-flavors e sem escurecimento, devem ser avaliados.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo a avaliação da vida útil potencial de carambolas cv. Golden Star, minimamente processadas, armazenadas em diferentes tipos de embalagens plásticas, para a concepção da atmosfera modificada. Os frutos colhidos fisiologicamente maturos apresentaram coloração verde-amarelada, sólidos solúveis (SS) médios de 6,8 ºBrix e massa média de 185 g. Antes da aplicação dos tratamentos, os frutos foram selecionados, higienizados em solução de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) a 100 mg. L-1, resfriados por 12 horas a 15 ± 0,5 °C, seccionados transversalmente, sendo então novamente higienizados em solução de NaOCl a 10 mg.L-1, por 3 minutos. Em seguida, os pedaços em forma de estrelas foram acondicionados em bandejas rígidas de poliestireno, com capacidade para 250 g, e revestidas com os seguintes materiais: T1: filme plástico perfurado de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), de 0,006 mm; T2: filme plástico poliolefínico com antiembassamento da Dupont® (AGF), de 0,015 mm; T3: filme plástico poliolefínico da Dupont® (HF), de 0,015 mm; T4: filme plástico de PEBD, de 60 µm; T5: filme plástico de PEBD, de 80 µm; T6: filme plástico de polipropileno (PP), de 22 µm, e T7: bandeja rígida de polietileno tereftalato (PET), com capacidade para 500 mL, com tampa do mesmo material. As embalagens foram então armazenadas em câmara frigorífica a 12 ± 0,5 °C e 90 ± 3% de U.R, por 18 dias. Observou-se que não houve diferença significativa quanto aos sólidos solúveis (SS) e acidez titulável (AT). O maior número de microrganismos e valor de pH foram observados nos frutos embalados nos filmes plásticos de PEBD de 0,006 mm, AGF e HF de 0,015 mm da Dupont®. Entretanto, os frutos acondicionados nas embalagens PET apresentaram o maior teor de ácido ascórbico. Da mesma forma, somente nas embalagens PET é que se conseguiu modificação atmosférica eficiente do ponto de vista da manutenção dos atributos de qualidade durante o AR. Assim, esse tratamento proporcionou adequado controle microbiológico e manutenção das características de qualidade por 18 dias para as carambolas minimamente processadas.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a conservação do abacate 'Hass'frigoarmazenado submetido a atmosferas modificadas ativas. Os frutos foram acondicionados em embalagem de náilon+polietileno e submetidos à injeção de mistura de gases, constituindo os tratamentos: I - mistura gasosa do ambiente (21,0 kPa de O2+0,03 kPa de CO2); II - 4,0 kPa de O2+5,0kPa de CO2 ; III - 4,0 kPa de O2+6,0 kPa de CO2 ; IV - 4,0 kPa de O2+7,0 kPa de CO2, e V- 4,0 kPa de O2+8,0 kPa de CO2). As embalagens contendo os frutos foram armazenadas em câmara frigorífica, a uma temperatura de 10±1ºC e umidade relativa de 90±5%, durante 25 dias, sendo as análises realizadas a cada 5 dias. As análises realizadas foram perda de massa, atividade respiratória, potencial hidrogennico (pH), firmeza, acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS) e atividade das enzimas pectinametilesterase (PME) e poligalacturonase (PG). O tratamento em que os frutos foram submetidos à pressão parcial de 4,0 kPa de O2+7,0 kPa de CO2 foi o mais efetivo na conservação dos frutos, principalmente pela menor perda de massa e baixa produção de CO2.

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In this paper some studies concerning the electroreduction of Mo(VI) in sulphuric acid solutions are described. We have shown that at suitable experimental conditions very stable molybdenum oxide films can be electrochemically deposited at glassy carbon electrodes, the reduction of bromate occurring at less negative potentials on the modified surface. Coulometric experiments have shown that bromide is not the only product of the catalytic bromate reduction by the molybdenum film and species like BrO2 may have part in this process. Based on chronoamperometric curves recorded at -0.60 V, analytical curves have been obtained for the reduction of bromate in the 0.1 - 0.8 mM range, a limit of detection of 20 µM for bromate being determined.

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In this work are presented two modified forms of Kapustinskii equation that could be used to estimate the values of the lattice enthalphies for adducts: DM Hm o=(-n.z+ .z- .10(2)/D).(1-d*/D) .K and DM Hm o=(-n.z+ .z-.10(2)/d).(1-d*/d).K.d. Two new parameters related with steric effects and donor power of the ligands, J anddare introduced. The proposed equations were tested for 49 adducts (mainly from the zinc group halides). The difference between experimental (calorimetric) and calculated values (using the proposed equations) values are less than 5% for 41 of the tested adducts.

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The chemical durability of the Li2O-ZrO2-BaO-SiO2 system was examined by determination of the Vickers hardness. The dependence of hardness and of the chemical resistance with BaO addition was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the hardness increases with the BaO content. The samples surface's morphology submitted to the chemical treatment in acidic (H2SO4) and basic (KOH) solution was accompanied by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical durability of the materials with BaO showed better than the glass ceramic without this content. These materials treated with H2SO4 solution showed a preferential attack to the silica rich sites.

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Nickel nanoparticles supported on amorphous silica ceramic matrix were synthesized by the polymeric precursor method. The nanostructure was characterized by NMR, BET, XRD, SEM, TEM, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry techniques. It was observed a dependence of the crystallite size on the thermal annealing, under a N2 atmosphere. The materials presented a high catalytic activity and selectivity upon the beta-pinene hydrogenation reaction. The magnetic hystereses were also correlated with the morphology of the processed material.

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Ca1-xLa xTiO3 powders were prepared by the polymeric precursor method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 and CO2 adsorption were used for the microstructural and surface characterization of the powders. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) was observed in Ca1-xLa xTiO3 amorphous particles. The PL intensity of these powders was found to be dependent on the lanthanum molar concentration.

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We have produced nanocomposite films of Ni:SiO2 by an alternative polymeric precursor route. Films, with thickness of ~ 1000 nm, were characterized by several techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, flame absorption atomic spectrometry, and dc magnetization. Results from the microstructural characterizations indicated that metallic Ni-nanoparticles with average diameter of ~ 3 nm are homogeneously distributed in an amorphous SiO2 matrix. Magnetization measurements revealed a blocking temperature T B ~ 7 K for the most diluted sample and the absence of an exchange bias suggesting that Ni nanoparticles are free from an oxide layer.

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The electrochemical properties of methylene blue immobilized on cellulose/TiO2 and mixed oxide SiO2/TiO2 matrices were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry. The electron mediator property of the methylene blue was optimized using a factorial design, consisting of four factors in two levels. The experimental observations and data analyses on the system indicate that the lowest peak separation occurs for Sil/TiOAM, 1.0 mol L-1 KCl solution and 20 mV s-1 scan rate, while values of current ratio closest to unity were found for Cel/TiOAM independent of electrolyte concentration, 0.2 or 1.0 mol L-1, and scan rate, 20 mV s-1 or 60 mV s-1.

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Polysaccharide-based drilling fluids have been often applied in horizontal wells of petroleum reservoirs in Campos, Rio de Janeiro. The present study aimed to understand the mechanism of adsorption and desorption of the drill-in fluid, xanthan, modified starch and lubricant on SiO2 by means of ellipsometry. The effect of pH and brine on the mean thickness (D) of adsorbed layer was systematically investigated. The adsorption was mainly favored under alkaline conditions. A model has been proposed to explain this effect. The adsorption isotherms determined separately for xanthan and starch on SiO2 surfaces could be fitted with the Langmuir model, which yielded similar adsorption constant values.

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Characterization of the thermal decomposition of polyurethane (PUR) foams was performed by Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Three main weight loss paths were observed by TGA, the residue being lower than 3 wt.% for 3 different PUR foams analyzed. FT-IR spectra indicated CO2, CO, NH3 and isocyanides as main decomposition products. PUR foams of different cell sizes were immersed in a slurry of the parent glass ceramic of composition Li2O-ZrO2-SiO2-Al 2O3 (LZSA) and submitted to heat treatment. The LZSA cellular glass ceramics obtained after sintering and crystallization resembled the original morphology of the PUR foams.

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The simultaneous use of the specific values of some structural and chemical properties of clay minerals, such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and talc, allows the development of new properties for these materials, especially in relation to the external and internal microcrystal surfaces. These developments are very diversified for montmorillonite, due to the high specific surface area, expansible basal spacings, easy intercalation inside the 2:1 structural layers and a reversible and high cation exchance capacity. The review presents examples of chemical modifications on kaolins, montmorillonites (bentonites) and talcs.

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We report a structural study on polycrystalline La0.86Sr0.14Mn1-y Cu yO3+delta samples (y = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) using refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data and analysis of scanning electron microscopy images. It is found that the structure remains rhombohedral through the whole series, with a decrease in the average Mn-Mn bond distances, slight variations in Mn-O-Mn angle and reduction in the unit cell volume with increasing Cu amounts. The values of Mn-Mn distances suggest compact structures with d within ±1%. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal homogeneous microstructure in all samples, besides a trend for smaller grains and larger porosity with increasing Cu content.

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The synthesis of the ceramic pigment Victoria Green (Ca3Cr2Si3O12 ) is described. As raw materials CaCO3, Cr2O3, and SiO2 obtained from rice husk were used. Borax was used as mineralizer. Raw materials were formulated stoichiometrically and calcined from 1000 to 1200 ºC for 180 min. The main phase detected was uvarovite with particle size below 45 mm. The pigments were applied on ceramic tiles and sintered at 1150 ºC for 40 min. The synthesis process showed to be adequate to produce the green pigment, whose characteristics resemble those of a commercial pigment.