Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens against Gram-negative bacteria isolated in a Brazilian teaching hospital

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital.METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010.RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of β-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii.CONCLUSIONS:These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose β-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.

Assessment of the teaching-learning process in students of the health area: cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the skills and knowledge of undergraduate students in the health area on cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers with the use of an automatic external defibrillator.METHODThe evaluation was performed in three different stages of the teaching-learning process. A theoretical and practical course was taught and the theoretical classes included demonstration. The evaluation was performed in three different stages of the teaching-learning process. Two instruments were applied to evaluate the skills (30-items checklist) and knowledge (40-questions written test). The sample comprised 84 students.RESULTSAfter the theoretical and practical course, an increase was observed in the number of correct answers in the 30-items checklist and 40-questions written test.CONCLUSIONAfter the theoretical class (including demonstration), only one of the 30-items checklist for skills achieved an index ≥ 90% of correct answers. On the other hand, an index of correct answers greater than 90% was achieved in 26 (86.7%) of the 30 items after a practical training simulation, evidencing the importance of this training in the defibrillation procedure.

Comparison between open and laparoscopic elective cholecystectomy in elderly, in a teaching hospital

Objective: to analyze the differences in mortality rates, length of hospital stay, time of surgery and the conversion rate between elective open cholecystectomies (OC) and laparoscopic ones (LC) in elderly patients. Methods : we evaluated medical records of patients 65 years of age or older undergoing open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul between January 2008 and December 2011. We excluded individuals operated in non-elective scenarios or who underwent intraoperative cholangiography. Results : we studied 113 patients, of whom 38.1% were submitted to the OC and 61.9%, to LC. Women accounted for 69% of patients and men, for 31%. The conversion rate was 2.9%. The mean age and duration of the procudure was 70.1 and 84 minutes, respectively, with no significant difference between OC and LC. Patients undergoing LC had shorter hospital stays (2.01 versus 2.95 days, p=0.0001). We identified operative complications in sixpatients (14%) after OC and in nine (12%) after LC, with no statistical difference. Conclusion : there was no difference in morbidity and mortality when comparing OC with LC. The laparoscopic approach led to shorter hospital stay. Operative time did not differ between the two access routes. The conversion rate was similar to other studies.

Can course format influence the performance of students in an advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) program?

Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) is a problem-based course that employs simulation techniques to teach the standard management techniques of cardiovascular emergencies. Its structure is periodically revised according to new versions of the American Heart Association guidelines. Since it was introduced in Brazil in 1996, the ACLS has been through two conceptual and structural changes. Detailed documented reports on the effect of these changes on student performance are limited. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of conceptual and structural changes of the course on student ACLS performance at a Brazilian training center. This was a retrospective study of 3266 students divided into two groups according to the teaching model: Model 1 (N = 1181; 1999-2003) and Model 2 (N = 2085; 2003-2007). Model 2 increased practical skill activities to 75% of the total versus 60% in Model 1. Furthermore, the teaching material provided to the students before the course was more objective than that used for Model 1. Scores greater than 85% in the theoretical evaluation and approval in the evaluation of practice by the instructor were considered to be a positive outcome. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders (specialty, residency, study time, opportunity to enhance practical skills during the course and location where the course was given). Compared to Model 1, Model 2 presented odds ratios (OR) indicating better performance in the theoretical (OR = 1.34; 95%CI = 1.10-1.64), practical (OR = 1.19; 95%CI = 0.90-1.57), and combined (OR = 1.38; 95%CI = 1.13-1.68) outcomes. Increasing the time devoted to practical skills did not improve the performance of ACLS students.

Esvaziamento radical versus seletivo (supraomohióideo) no tratamento do carcinoma epidermóide do andar inferior da boca

O paradigma terapêutico para o CEC do andar inferior da boca sofreu modificações em decorrência da sobrevida. OBJETIVO: Estudo comparativo do esvaziamento cervical radical e seletivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Análise de 460 pacientes atendidos no Depto. de CCP e ORL do Hospital Heliópolis, de 1978 a 2002. Para esvaziamento radical foram avaliados os padrões de metastatização dos níveis IV e V, para o seletivo a ocorrência e localização das recidivas. O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Nos esvaziamentos radicais a taxa de metastatização nos níveis IV e V foram 5,8% e 4,6%, nos pacientes cNO e de 9,9% (nível IV) e 5,9% (nível V) para cN+, enquanto o nível I isolado estava comprometido em 11,0% nos cN0 e 5,5% nos cN+. Nos esvaziamentos seletivos ocorreram 4 recidivas (4,1%) em 97 esvaziamentos nos pN0 e 2 (10,0%) em 20 esvaziamentos. Nos casos pN+, não houve vantagens na indicação de radioterapia sobre os não irradiados (5,6% e 5,7% respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: É possível realizar esvaziamento seletivo no tratamento das metástases do andar inferior de boca.

Intenções versus desempenho: o Brasil na política externa portuguesa (1976-2007)

Partindo dos eixos orientadores da política externa portuguesa no pós-25 de Abril de 1974, o artigo visa compreender o enquadramento do Brasil nas opções da política externa portuguesa, centrando-se na análise dos programas dos Governos Constitucionais, nas visitas oficiais, no investimento português no Brasil e na influência da imigração brasileira na política externa. Pretendemos mostrar que, apesar das alterações exigidas pela democratização portuguesa, a relação com o Brasil subsistiu embora tenha prevalecido a retórica e o simbolismo sobre as concretizações práticas.

Café convencional versus café orgânico: perspectivas de sustentabilidade socioeconômica dos agricultores familiares do Espírito Santo

Esse artigo enfoca a viabilidade de investimento na produção de café arábica, no Estado do Espírito Santo, comparando os sistemas convencional e orgânico, para identificar o que proporciona maior sustentabilidade socioeconômica aos produtores familiares. Os métodos de avaliação econômica utilizados foram o valor presente líquido, a taxa interna de retorno e o tempo de retorno do capital investido. Também foi feita a análise de sensibilidade. Demonstrou-se que ambos os sistemas de produção foram viáveis, mas, observou-se a grande dependência de recebimento do prêmio para viabilizar o cultivo orgânico, compensando a sua menor produtividade. Além disso, o preço recebido foi a variável que exerceu a maior influência na rentabilidade dos cafeicultores familiares. Concluiu-se que, assegurada a eficiência econômica e ecológica do sistema orgânico, o desafio é aperfeiçoar a sua eficiência técnica, para que possa contribuir com a sustentabilidade socioeconômica dos cafeicultores familiares.