Serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in cats with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently observed in cats and it is characterized as a multisystemic illness, caused by several underlying metabolic changes, and secondary renal hyperparathyroidism (SRHPT) is relatively common; usually it is associated with the progression of renal disease and poor prognosis. This study aimed at determining the frequency of SRHPT, and discussing possible mechanisms that could contribute to the development of SRHPT in cats at different stages of CKD through the evaluation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, as well as acid-base status. Forty owned cats with CKD were included and divided into three groups, according to the stages of the disease, classified according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) as Stage II (n=12), Stage III (n=22) and Stage IV (n=6). Control group was composed of 21 clinically healthy cats. Increased serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations were observed in most CKD cats in all stages, and mainly in Stage IV, which hyperphosphatemia and ionized hypocalcemia were detected and associated to the cause for the development of SRHPT. In Stages II and III, however, ionized hypercalcemia was noticed suggesting that the development of SRHPT might be associated with other factors, and metabolic acidosis could be involved to the increase of serum ionized calcium. Therefore, causes for the development of SRHPT seem to be multifactorial and they must be further investigated, mainly in the early stages of CKD in cats, as hyperphosphatemia and ionized hypocalcemia could not be the only factors involved.

Circulating forms of parathyroid hormone detected with an immunofluorometric assay in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and in hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure

In patients with uremia, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement appears to overestimate the biologically active hormone in circulation. The recent description of the accumulation in these patients of a non-intact PTH form measured by the standard immunometric assays, re-opened the question. In this study we submitted serum samples from 7 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) and from 10 patients with hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure (SHP) to preparative HPLC in order to discriminate the molecular forms measured by our currently used immunofluorometric assay for intact PTH. The elution profile obtained with the HPLC system showed two clearly defined peaks, the first one corresponding to a lower molecular weight form, and the second to the intact PTH (1-84) form. In patients with SHP the area under the curve for the first peak (mean 29.5%, range 20.6 to 40.4%) was significantly greater than that observed for patients with PHP (mean 15.6%, range 5.6 to 21.9%). This confirms previous studies showing accumulation of molecular forms of slightly lower molecular weight, presumably PTH (7-84), in patients with SHP and, to a lesser extent, in patients with PHP. The real necessity of assays that discriminate between these two molecular forms is debatable.

Nutritional status of hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

The repercussions of secondary hyperparathyroidism on the nutritional status of chronic renal failure patients have not been well established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the nutritional indices of hemodialysis patients with and without secondary hyperparathyroidism. Sixteen hemodialysis patients with serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels higher than 420 pg/ml (hyperparathyroidism group) were matched for gender, age and length of dialysis treatment to 16 patients with serum PTH between 64 and 290 pg/ml (control group). The following parameters were assessed: anthropometric indices (body mass index, skinfold thickness, midarm muscle circumference and body fat), 4-day food diaries, protein catabolic rate, biochemical indices (blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, albumin, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus, serum alkaline phosphatase, PTH, pH and HCO3) and dialysis efficiency. We did not observe differences in the anthropometric indices between the two groups. Only calcium intake was significantly different between groups (307.9 mg/day for the hyperparathyroidism group vs 475.8 mg/day for the control group). Protein catabolic rate tended to be higher in the hyperparathyroidism group compared to the control group (1.3 vs 0.9 g kg-1 day-1; P = 0.08). Except for blood urea nitrogen (86.4 vs 75.7 mg/dl), alkaline phosphatase (175 vs 65 U/l) and PTH (898 vs 155 pg/ml), no other differences were found between groups in the biochemical indices studied. PTH was directly correlated with protein catabolic rate (r = 0.61; P<0.05) and length of dialysis (r = 0.53; P<0.05) only in the hyperparathyroidism group. Considering the indices used, we could not demonstrate the deleterious effect of high PTH levels on the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients. Indirect evidence, however, suggests an action of PTH on protein metabolism.

The role of secondary hyperparathyroidism in left ventricular hypertrophy of patients under chronic hemodialysis

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients frequently develop structural cardiac abnormalities, particularly left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The mechanisms involved in these processes are not completely understood. In the present study, we evaluated a possible association between parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and left ventricular mass (LVM) in patients with ESRD. Stable uremic patients on intermittent hemodialysis treatment were evaluated by standard two-dimensional echocardiography and their sera were analyzed for intact PTH. Forty-one patients (mean age 45 years, range 18 to 61 years), 61% males, who had been on hemodialysis for 3 to 186 months, were evaluated. Patients were stratified into 3 groups according to serum PTH: low levels (<100 pg/ml; group I = 10 patients), intermediate levels (100 to 280 pg/ml; group II = 10 patients) and high levels (>280 pg/ml; group III = 21 patients). A positive statistically significant association between LVM index and PTH was identified (r = 0.34; P = 0.03, Pearson's correlation coefficient) in the sample as a whole. In subgroup analyses, we did not observe significant associations in the low and intermediate PTH groups; nevertheless, PTH and LVM index were correlated in patients with high PTH levels (r = 0.62; P = 0.003). LVM index was also inversely associated with hemoglobin (r = -0.34; P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, hemoglobin, body mass index, and blood pressure, the only independent predictor of LVM index was PTH level. Therefore, PTH is an independent predictor of LVH in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism may contribute to the elevated cardiovascular morbidity associated with LVH in ESRD.

Cytokine accumulation in osteitis fibrosa of renal osteodystrophy

Bone marrow fibrosis occurs in association with a number of pathological states. Despite the extensive fibrosis that sometimes characterizes renal osteodystrophy, little is known about the factors that contribute to marrow accumulation of fibrous tissue. Because circulating cytokines are elevated in uremia, possibly in response to elevated parathyroid hormone levels, we have examined bone biopsies from 21 patients with end-stage renal disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Bone sections were stained with antibodies to human interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-6, IL-11, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) using an undecalcified plastic embedding method. Intense staining for IL-1alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-ß was evident within the fibrotic tissue of the bone marrow while minimal IL-11 was detected. The extent of cytokine deposition corresponded to the severity of fibrosis, suggesting their possible involvement in the local regulation of the fibrotic response. Because immunoreactive TGF-ß and IL-6 were also detected in osteoblasts and osteocytes, we conclude that selective cytokine accumulation may have a role in modulating bone and marrow cell function in parathyroid-mediated uremic bone disease.

Review of genitourinary tuberculosis with focus on end-stage renal disease

Tuberculosis (TB) is a current public health problem, remaining the most common worldwide cause of mortality from infectious disease. Recent studies indicate that genitourinary TB is the third most common form of extra-pulmonary disease. The diagnosis of renal TB can be hypothesized in a non-specific bacterial cystitis associated with a therapeutic failure or a urinalysis with a persistent leukocyturia in the absence of bacteriuria. We report on the case of a 33-year-old man who presented on admission end stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to renal TB and a past history of pulmonary TB with important radiologic findings. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings despite all cultures being negative. Empiric treatment with tuberculostatic drugs was started and the patient became stable. He was discharged with no symptom, but without renal function recovery. He is on maintenance hemodialysis three times a week. TB is an important cause of kidney disease and can lead to irreversible renal function loss.

Tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão arterial secundária com origem na glândula supra-renal

Among the main etiologies of secondary arterial hypertension figure out the tumorous affections of adrenal gland, located on cortex - primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome) and Cushing’s syndrome - or at glandular medulla - pheocromocytoma. Although these tumors are at most benign the surgical resection is needed in order to eliminate the disturbances provided by them and to limit the mass growth, being curative in about 80-90% of the cases. In this paper some particularities above surgical treatment of these diseases will be focused emphasizing the pre-operative prepare of the patients and the currently preconized approach.

Influence of distal ileum exclusion on hepatic and renal functions in presence of extrahepatic cholestasis

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether the ileal exclusion interferes with liver and kidney functional changes secondary to extrahepatic cholestasis.METHODS: We studied 24 rats, divided into three groups with eight individuals each: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (ligation of the hepatic duct combined with internal biliary drainage), and Group 3 (bile duct ligation combined with internal biliary drainage and exclusion of the terminal ileum). Animals in Group 1 (control) underwent sham laparotomy. The animals of groups 2 and 3 underwent ligation and section of the hepatic duct and were kept in cholestasis for four weeks. Next, they underwent an internal biliary bypass. In Group 3, besides the biliary-enteric bypass, we associated the exclusion of the last ten centimeters of the terminal ileum and carried out an ileocolic anastomosis. After four weeks of monitoring, blood was collected from all animals of the three groups for liver and kidney biochemical evaluation (albumin, ALT, AST, direct and indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, cGT, creatinine and urea).RESULTS: there were increased values of ALT, AST, direct bilirubin, cGT, creatinine and urea in rats from Group 3 (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION: ileal exclusion worsened liver and kidney functions in the murine model of extrahepatic cholestasis, being disadvantageous as therapeutic procedure for cholestatic disorders.

Miringosclerose em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica: análise comparativa com um grupo controle

A miringoesclerose é uma alteração cicatricial da lâmina própria da membrana timpânica caracterizada por proliferação de fibras colágenas, seguida de hialinização, deposição de cálcio e fósforo, seguindo uma seqüência semelhante ao que ocorre em outros tipos de calcificação patológica comuns em pacientes com doença renal crônica. OBJETIVO: Verificar a influencia da insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) na prevalência da miringoesclerose. MÉTODO: Foi realizada otoscopia em 341 pacientes com IRC em hemodiálise e em 356 indivíduos de um grupo controle. Foi comparada a freqüência de otoscopia positiva entre os dois grupos, procurando-se relacionar com variáveis pessoais e relacionadas a IRC. RESULTADOS: O grupo de pacientes apresentou 11,7% de otoscopia positiva contra 5,1% do grupo controle. Não houve influência do sexo ou cor na freqüência da miringoesclerose. Porém, os grupos foram heterogêneos em relação à faixa etária. Também não houve diferença importante no tempo de diálise nem nos níveis séricos de minerais e do PTH entre os pacientes do grupo de estudo que apresentavam otoscopia positiva ou negativa. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados, embora apontem para uma maior ocorrência da miringoesclerose nos pacientes renais crônicos, não nos permitem concluir com certeza que exista alguma relação entre a IRC e as alterações timpânicas.

Decomposition of ground biomass of secondary forest and yield of annual crops in no tillage

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of decomposition process of chopped secondary forest system, previously enriched with legumes Inga velutina Willd. and Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum (Willd.) Hochr. and the contribution of this process to the nutrient input to the cultivation of corn and bean under no-tillage. The experimental design was a randomized block, split plot with four replications. The plots were two species (I. velutina and S. pulcherrimum) and the subplots were seven times of evaluation (0, 7, 28, 63, 189, 252, 294 days after experiment installation). There was no difference (p ≥ 0.05) between the secondary forest systems enriched and no interaction with times for biomass waste, decomposition constant and half-life time. The waste of S. pulcherrimum trees had higher (p < 0.05) C/N ratio than that I. velutina. However, this one was higher (p < 0.05) in lignin content. Nevertheless, the dynamics of residue decomposition was similar. The corn yield was higher (p < 0.05) in cultivation under I.velutina waste. Meanwhile, the beans planted after corn, shows similar (p > 0.05) yield in both areas, regardless of the waste origin.

Costos de intervenciones para pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se presentan resultados sobre un estudio que pretendió identificar los costos de intervenciones en salud en el manejo de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: El método de costeo se basó en técnicas de consenso y de instrumentación de manejo de caso a través de la identificación de insumos y funciones de producción para la demanda de cada servicio solicitado. Las intervenciones costeadas incluyeron: diálisis peritoneal, hemodiálisis y trasplante renal. RESULTADOS: El costo por evento en US dóllares fué de $3.71, $57.95 y $ 8,778.32 respectivamente. En cuanto al costo de manejo anual de caso los resultados fueron: diálisis peritoneal $5,643.07, hemodiálisis $9,631.60 y trasplante $3,021.67. CONCLUSIONES: La información generada a partir de los costos de eventos difiere considerablemente de la información generada a partir del costo de manejo anual de caso. Estas diferencias resultan significativas para el diseño y evaluación de patrones de asignación de recursos

Costo-efectividad de intervenciones para insuficiencia renal crónica terminal

OBJETIVO: Analisó el costo-efectividad en intervenciones para pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT) en términos de los costos económicos de cada intervención, los años de vida ganados y la calidad de vida que generan tres alternativas comparables y mutuamente excluyentes: diálisis peritoneal contínua ambulatoria (DPCA), la hemodiálisis (HD) y el trasplante renal (TR). MÉTODO: El diseño del estudio fue de tipo longitudinal. Los costos de cada intervención se determinaron mediante la técnica de manejo de caso promedio. Las medidas para evaluar los criterios de efectividad elegidos fueron la probabilidad de sobrevida y el Año de Vida Ajustado por Calidad (QALY, Quality Adjusted Life Year) medido por el Indice de Rosser. RSULTADOS: Los costos de manejo anual de caso fueron: diálisis peritoneal $5,643.07, hemodiálisis $9,631.60 y trasplante $3,021.63. En cuanto a la efectividad, la sobrevida del injerto de trasplante renal resultó de 89,9% y 79,6% a uno y tres años respectivamente, mientras que los pacientes sometidos a DPCA tienen una sobrevida de 86,2% y 66,9% a un año y a tres años respectivamente. En cuanto a los QALY's, los resultados para cada intervención fueron: DPCA 0,879; HD 0,864; y para el TR 0,978. CONCLUSIÓN: La intervención más costo-efectiva resultó el trasplante renal con un coeficiente de 3,088.69, seguido de la DPCA y la hemodiálisis, cuyos coeficientes fueron de 6,416.95 y 11,147.68 respectivamente. Por lo tanto se recomienda promover y utilizar el trasplante renal como la intervención más costo-efectiva para pacientes con IRCT.

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva no Brasil, 2000-2004

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e clínico de pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva, identificando fatores associados ao risco de morte. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, prospectivo não concorrente, a partir de dados de 90.356 pacientes da Base Nacional em Terapias Renais Substitutivas, no Brasil. Foi realizado relacionamento determinístico-probabilístico do Sistema de Autorização de Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade/Custo e do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes incidentes que iniciaram diálise entre 1/1/2000 e 31/12/2004, acompanhados até a morte ou final de 2004. Idade, sexo, região de residência, doença renal primária, causa do óbito foram analisados. Ajustou-se um modelo de riscos proporcionais para identificar fatores associados ao risco de morte. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu um aumento médio de 5,5% na prevalência de pacientes em terapia enquanto a incidência manteve-se estável no período. Hemodiálise foi a modalidade inicial predominante (89%). A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino, com idade média de 53 anos, residente na região Sudeste, e apresentava causa indeterminada como principal causa básica da doença renal crônica, seguida da hipertensão, diabetes e glomerulonefrites. Desses pacientes, 7% realizou transplante renal e 42% evoluiu para o óbito. Os pacientes em diálise peritoneal eram mais idosos e apresentavam maior prevalência de diabetes. Entre os não transplantados, 45% foi a óbito e, entre os transplantados, 7%. No modelo final de riscos proporcionais de Cox, o risco de mortalidade foi associado com o aumento da idade, sexo feminino, ter diabetes, residir nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, diálise peritoneal como modalidade de entrada e não ter realizado transplante renal. CONCLUSÕES: Houve aumento da prevalência de pacientes em terapia renal no Brasil. Pacientes com idade avançada, diabetes, do sexo feminino, residentes nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e sem transplante renal apresentam maior risco de morte.