Vegetative and reproductive development of Costa Rican weedy rice compared with commercial rice (Oryza sativa)

The variability in the chronology of the vegetative and reproductive development of weedy rice complex has been little studied. However, a field trial was established to study the timing of growth stages of sixteen weedy rice morphotypes and five rice varieties of Costa Rica. Weedy rice presented a wide range of variation for all descriptors among and within morphotypes. Weedy rice was taller than the rice varieties during vegetative phase and showed a growth increase of 14-23 cm every two weeks. Six morphotypes emerged earlier than commercial rice varieties, but no differences where found between samples for the time required for starting tillering. Early emergence of weedy rice morphotypes was not associated with early flowering, thus no correlation was detected between the vegetative and reproductive phases. All weedy rice morphotypes reached anthesis and maturity earlier than the rice varieties. Nevertheless, varieties Setesa-9 and CR-5272 overlapped anthesis with eleven morphotypes and variety CR-4338 overlapped flowering with eight weedy rice morphotypes. In contrast, none of the morphotypes overlapped anthesis with varieties CR-1821 and CR-1113. The results obtained showed the competitive capacity of weedy rice and provided valuable information about flowering overlap between weedy rice morphotypes and rice varieties which will be useful in the design of gene flow studies among them.

The Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on the Growth and Yield of Direct-Seeded Dry Rice (Oryza sativa)

Weed management is a primary concern in direct seeded rice (DSR) cropping because weed growth becomes a major constraint on crop yield. A two year field study was set up to evaluate the effect of various weed control measures on crop growth, grain yield and grain quality of DSR. The experiment involved five different weed control measures: hand weeding, hoeing, inter-row tine cultivation, inter-row spike hoeing and herbicide treatment (Nominee 100 SC). The extent of weed control (compared to a non-weeded control) ranged from 50-95%. The highest crop yield was obtained using hand weeding. Hand weeding, tine cultivation and herbicide treatment raised the number of fertile rice tillers formed per unit area and the thousand grain weight. Tine cultivation provided an effective and economical level of weed control in the DSR crop.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fermented rice (Oryza sativa) bran

This study investigated the content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fermented rice bran in order to evaluate the effect of solid state fermentation on these properties. The process was performed with the fungus Rhizopus oryzae CTT 1217 in tray reactors at 30 °C for 120 hours. Samples of fermented rice bran were collected every 24 hours. Antioxidant property was evaluated by the diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method and through the inhibition of enzymatic oxidation and lipid peroxidation of olive oil. The methanol extract of the biomass obtained at 96 hours of fermentation inactivated 50% of free radical in 15 minutes. The same extract reduced the peroxide value in the olive oil by 57% after 30 days of storage. The aqueous extract of the biomass obtained at 120 hours was the most efficient inhibitor of the darkening reaction catalyzed by peroxidase.

Vinegar rice (Oryza sativa L.) produced by a submerged fermentation process from alcoholic fermented rice

Considering the limited availability of technology for the production of rice vinegar and also due to the potential consumer product market, this study aimed to use alcoholic fermented rice (rice wine (Oryza sativa L.)) for vinegar production. An alcoholic solution with 6.28% (w/v) ethanol was oxidized by a submerged fermentation process to produce vinegar. The process of acetic acid fermentation occurred at 30 ± 0.3°C in a FRINGS® Acetator (Germany) for the production of vinegar and was followed through 10 cycles. The vinegar had a total acidity of 6.85% (w/v), 0.17% alcohol (w/v), 1.26% (w/v) minerals and 1.78% (w/v) dry extract. The composition of organic acids present in rice vinegar was: cis-aconitic acid (6 mg/L), maleic acid (3 mg/L), trans-aconitic acid (3 mg/L), shikimic + succinic acid (4 mg/L), lactic acid (300 mg/L), formic acid (180 mg/L), oxalic acid (3 mg/L), fumaric acid (3 mg/L) and itaconic acid (1 mg/L).

Storage protein profile and amino acid content in wild rice Oryza glumaepatula

- The objective of this work was to determine the total protein profile and the contents of the four major protein fractions (albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin) and of the amino acids in the endosperm of the rice wild species Oryza glumaepatula. The experiment was performed with 29 accessions of this species, collected from 13 Brazilian locations, and two commercial cultivars. Protein samples were prepared using dried, polished, and ground grains to obtain homogeneous, dry flour used in the preparation of extracts. Oryza glumaepatula accessions were identified with the highest levels of total protein, albumin and glutelin protein fractions, and amino acids (with the exception of tryptophan) in comparison to the two analized rice cultivars. The albumin and glutelin profiles in SDS-Page were distinct between rice cultivars and O. glumaepatula. This wild species has the potential to increase the nutritional quality of rice storage protein through interspecific crosses.

Yield QTL analysis of Oryza sativa x O. glumaepatula introgression lines

The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield performance of two generations (BC2F2 and BC2F9) of introgression lines developed from the interspecific cross between Oryza sativa and O. glumaepatula, and to identify the SSR markers associated to yield. The wild accession RS‑16 (O. glumaepatula) was used as donor parent in the backcross with the high yielding cultivar Cica‑8 (O. sativa). A set of 114 BC2F1 introgression lines was genotyped with 141 polymorphic SSR loci distributed across the whole rice genome. Molecular analysis showed that in average 22% of the O. glumaepatula genome was introgressed into BC2F1 generation. Nine BC2F9 introgression lines had a significantly higher yield than the genitor Cica‑8, thus showing a positive genome interaction among cultivated rice and the wild O. glumaepatula. Seven QTL were identified in the overall BC2F2, with one marker interval (4879‑EST20) of great effect on yield. The alleles with positive effect on yield came from the cultivated parent Cica‑8.

Absorção de bário por plantas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e mobilidade em solo tratado com baritina sob diferentes condições de potencial redox

Two parallel tests were carried out to evaluate barium solubility in soils treated with barite under reducing conditions: one in leaching columns and another with potted plants cultivated with rice. Soils were treated with three doses of barite and kept at two humidity levels. The reduction (-200 mV) condition promoted an increase in barium in the geochemical fraction of higher liability, higher concentrations of barium in the leached extracts, and higher absorption by rice plants. As a result of increased uptake and accumulation of barium, the plants showed stunted growth

Response of rice cultivars to nitrogen in upland conditions

Against the background of a growing world population, rice (Oryza sativa L.) consumption is expected to grow faster than its production. Therefore, an appropriate question would be: how to increase productivity in the short-term? In this respect, it becomes important the implementation of modern agricultural production systems, such as upland rice with supplemental sprinkler irrigation. Additional information is needed to maximize the available resources, with special attention given to research on the use of nitrogen. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of commercial rice cultivars with different plant characteristics in upland conditions with supplemental sprinkler irrigation, when subjected to nitrogen in topdress application at the R1 stage (panicle differentiation). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block with split plot design, with 65 treatments, consisting of the combination of 13 cultivars in the plots, and five nitrogen levels in the subplots (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1), with four replications. Genetic variability was detected among rice cultivars and the agronomic performance in response to the applied nitrogen. The topdressing application of nitrogen increases, in general, the production components and grain yield in rice. Cultivars BRS Primavera, Caiapó and IAC 202 stood out for grain yield, followed by Baldo, Carnaroli, BRS Curinga and IAC 500 with lower yields.

Efeitos do tratamento de sementes de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L.), arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e soja [Glycine max (L.) Merril] com alguns fungicidas não mercuriais

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento de sementes de arroz, algodão e soja, quando tratadas com íungicidas não mercuriais, através de testes de germinação e de vigor. Foram utilizados os seguintes produtos: Arasan (Thiram 75% i.a.), Panoctine (Guazatine 75% i.a.) e Terracoat (23,2% PCNB + 5,8% Terrazole). A dosagem do 1º produto foi de 100 g/100 kg de sementes enquanto que, para os outros dois, foram de 200, 400 e 600 cm³/100 kg. Nas condições do experimento, as três dosagens de Panoctine foram tóxicas para sementes de arroz e a dose mais alta prejudicou o vigor de soja e de algodão. Por outro lado Arasan e Terracoat não prejudicaram a germinação e vigor de arroz e de soja e apresentarm efeitos benéficos sobre o vigor de sementes de algodão.

Influência do peso da semente de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) sobre a germinação

O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi determinar através do teste de germinação, a importância do peso das sementes de arroz (Oryza sativa L.). Utilizaram-se sementes das variedades Batatais, Pratão Precoce, IAC-120, IAC-435 e IAC-1246. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Sementes do D.A.H. da ESALQ no período de novembro de 1973 a dezembro de 1974. As sementes das cinco variedades foram submetidas à ação de ventilação controlada através de um assoprador, permitindo a separação de cada variedade em três frações com pesos diferentes, isto é, leve, média e pesada. As sementes leves, médias e pesadas, assim obtidas, foram armazenadas em câmara seca e laboratório. Os testes de germinação foram efetuados em três épocas (março/abril, julho e dezembro de 1974), utilizando-se como delineamento experimental um fatorial 3x2, cujas variáveis foram três pesos e dois ambientes de conservação das sementes, com quatro repetições. As análises dos dados e a interpretação dos resultados obtidos permitiram que se chegassem às seguintes conclusões: a) as sementes pesadas e médias apresentaram uma maior porcentagem de germinação que as leves em todas as variedades estudadas; b) este efeito foi menos intenso no caso das sementes das variedades Batatais e IAC-1246; c) o ambiente de câmara seca mostrou-se superior ao de laboratório para a conservação das sementes.

Eficiência comparada da aplicação radicular e foliar de macro e micronutrientes para a correção de deficiências minerais no arroz (Oryza sativa L.)

Deficiências de N, P, K, S, B, Cu ou Zn foram induzidas em dois cultivares de arroz, I.A.C. 47 e I.A.C. 435 até o perfilhamento. O elemento deficiente foi depois aplicado na solução nutritiva ou por via foliar. A eficiência dos tratamentos foi avaliada dividindo-se o peso adicional de grãos pela quantidade de elemento fornecida pelos dois métodos. Verificaram-se, de modo geral, relações maiores no caso da adubação foliar que da radicular, em se tratando de macronutrientes; o oposto foi observado quando se tratava de micronutrientes.

Nota sobre o cultivo do arroz (Oryza sativa L.), cv. IAC 47 e IAC 435 em solução nutritiva

As soluções nutritivas de HOAGLAND & ARNON (1950) nº 2 de KARIM & VLAMIS (1962) foram fornecidas a duas variedades de arroz, uma de sequeiro (IAC 47) e uma de irrigação (IAC 435). A primeira solução, que contém N nítrico e N amoniacal, garantiu maior produção de matéria seca e maior teor de N total nas plantas que foram colhidas no meio do estádio de perfilhamento. A aeração forçada mostrou-se desnecessária para o crescimento.

Sobre a possibilidade de correção de deficiências minerais no arroz (Oryza sativa L. cv. IAC 47 E IAC 435)

Plantas de arroz dos cultivares IAC 47 (sequeiro) e IAC 435 (de irrigação) foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva deficiente em N, P, K, S, B, Cu ou Zn até o estádio de perfilhamento. O elemento em falta foi, então, for necido por via radicular ou foliar na tentativa de correção da deficiência. Foram notadas, em termos de produção de grãos, respostas diferentes em funcão de: cultivar, elemento aplicado e modo de aplicação.

Exigências nutricionais do arroz (Oryza sativa L., cv. IAC 47 e IAC 435)

Analisando-se os diferentes órgãos de plantas de arroz cultivada em solução nutritiva até maturidade completa, foi obtida uma estimativa das exigências nutricionais dos cultivares IAC 47 (sequeiro) e IAC 435 (irrigado). As diferenças encontradas entre os dois cultivares são de vidas principalmente ao nível de produção e não ao teor de elemento na matéria seca.

Efeitos de estimulantes vegetais na germinação do arroz (Oryza sativa L: cv. IAC - 165)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de Triacontanol e Agrostemin em sementes de arroz, através da avaliação da germinação, do crescimento de coleóptiles e raízes das plântulas, em condições de laboratório. As placas de Petri receberam 10 ml de solução (éter e benzeno) correspondente aos tratamentos com Triacontanol, enquanto as dosagens de Agrostemin foram aplicadas em solução de água destilada. Verificou-se que nenhum dos tratamentos mostraram efeitos significativos sobre a porcentagem de germinação, mas provocaram um crescimento diferencial estatisticamente significativo em relação as radículas.