Mapping of quantitative trait loci for thermosensitive genic male sterility in indica rice

The objective of this work was to select and use microsatellite markers, to map genomic regions associated with the genetic control of thermosensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) in rice. An F2 population, derived from the cross between fertile and TGMS indica lines, was used to construct a microsatellite-based genetic map of rice. The TGMS phenotype showed a continuous variation in the segregant population. A low level of segregation distortion was detected in the F2 (14.65%), whose cause was found to be zygotic selection. There was no evidence suggesting a cause-effect relationship between zygotic selection and the control of TGMS in this cross. A linkage map comprising 1,213.3 cM was constructed based on the segregation data of the F2 population. Ninety-five out of 116 microsatellite polymorphic markers were assembled into 11 linkage groups, with an average of 12.77 cM between two adjacent marker loci. The phenotypic and genotypic data allowed for the identification of three new quantitative trait loci (QTL) for thermosensitive genic male sterility in indica rice. Two of the QTL were mapped on chromosomes that, so far, have not been associated with the genetic control of the TGMS trait (chromosomes 1 and 12). The third QTL was mapped on chromosome 7, where a TGMS locus (tms2) has recently been mapped. Allelic tests will have to be developed, in order to clarify if the two regions are the same or not.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance against soybean sudden death syndrome caused by Fusarium tucumaniae

The objective of this work was to identify genomic regions that underlie resistance to Fusarium tucumaniae sp. nov., the causing agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean in South America, using a population with a genetic background different from that previously reported for Fusarium virguliforme sp. nov. (F. solani f. sp. glycines), also responsible for SDS in soybean. Although major genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SDS resistance have been identified, little is known about the same disease caused by Fusarium tucumaniae sp. nov., in South America. To identify genetic factors related to resistance to F. tucumaniae and DNA markers associated with them, a QTL analysis was performed using recombinant inbred lines. The map locations of the four loci, here identified, differed from those SDS resistance QTL previously described. It was screened a residual heterozygous line (RHL), which was heterozygous around the most effective QTL, RSDS1, and homozygous for the other genomic regions. The genetic effect of RSDS1 was confirmed using near-isogenic lines (NIL) derived from the RHL. The line which was homozygous for the Misuzudaizu genotype showed resistance levels comparable with that of the line homozygous for the Moshidou Gong 503 genotype.

QTL mapping for protein content in soybean cultivated in two tropical environments

The objectives of this study were to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for protein content in soybean grown in two distinct tropical environments and to build a genetic map for protein content. One hundred eighteen soybean recombinant inbred lines (RIL), obtained from a cross between cultivars BARC 8 and Garimpo, were used. The RIL were cultivated in two distinct Brazilian tropical environments: Cascavel county, in Paraná, and Viçosa county, in Minas Gerais (24º57'S, 53º27'W and 20º45'S, 42º52'W, respectively). Sixty-six SSR primer pairs and 65 RAPD primers were polymorphic and segregated at a 1:1 proportion. Thirty poorly saturated linkage groups were obtained, with 90 markers and 41 nonlinked markers. For the lines cultivated in Cascavel, three QTL were mapped in C2, E and N linkage groups, which explained 14.37, 10.31 and 7.34% of the phenotypic variation of protein content, respectively. For the lines cultivated in Viçosa, two QTL were mapped in linkage groups G and #1, which explained 9.51 and 7.34% of the phenotypic variation of protein content. Based on the mean of the two environments, two QTL were identified: one in the linkage group E (9.90%) and other in the group L (7.11%). In order for future studies to consistently detect QTL effects of different environments, genotypes with greater stability should be used.

Microsatellite-dense genetic map: towards genome coverage in a tropical maize (Zea mays L.) population

Dense molecular genetic maps are used for an efficient quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and in the marker-assisted selection programs. A dense genetic map was generated with 139 microsatellite markers using 256 F2 plants generated by the crossing of two tropical maize inbred lines (L-02-03D and L-20-01F). This map presented 1,858.61 cM in length, where 10 linkage groups were found spanned, with an average interval of 13.47 cM between adjacent markers. Seventy seven percent of the maize genetic mapping bins were covered, which means an increase of 14% coverage in relation to the previous tropical maize maps. The results provide a more detailed and informative genetic map in a tropical maize population representing the first step to make possible the studies of genetic architecture to identify and map QTL and estimate their effects on the variation of quantitative traits, thus allowing the manipulation and use in tropical maize breeding programs.

Eficiência de índices fenotípicos de comprimento de raiz seminal na avaliação de plantas individuais de milho quanto à tolerância ao alumínio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência do comprimento relativo de raiz seminal (CRRS) e do comprimento líquido de raiz seminal (CLRS) como indicadores fenotípicos quanto à tolerância ao alumínio na avaliação de plantas individuais de milho. Plântulas de genótipos tolerantes e suscetíveis ao Al foram submetidas a solução nutritiva contendo nível tóxico deste elemento, por um período de sete dias, após o qual, determinaram-se os valores de CRRS e CLRS. Os resultados obtidos quando se utilizaram valores médios para CRRS e CLRS mostraram que ambos os índices foram capazes de discriminar com eficiência os materiais tolerantes dos suscetíveis. Entretanto, quando foram utilizados os valores de CRRS e CLRS obtidos a partir de plantas individuais, observou-se a existência de plantas tolerantes com valores típicos de plantas suscetíveis, o que indica que a avaliação fenotípica de plantas individuais pelos dois índices está sujeita a erros significativos, principalmente na caracterização de plantas suscetíveis. Portanto, em estudos para mapeamento de "quantitative trait loci" (QTLs) ligados à tolerância ao Al, nos quais utilizam-se estes índices fenotípicos, o mais apropriado é avaliar famílias F3, onde é possível obter valores médios para CRRS e CLRS e utilizar estas médias para representar os valores fenotípicos das respectivas plantas F2.

Mapeamento de QTLs para reação ao oídio e mancha-angular do feijoeiro-comum em diferentes locais

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram mapear, em diferentes locais, marcadores RAPD ligados a QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) de reação do feijoeiro-comum ao oídio e à mancha-angular, avaliar a interação de QTLs por locais e comparar os métodos de mapeamento e regressão múltipla no processo de detecção de QTLs. Foram avaliadas 196 linhagens recombinantes, oriundas do cruzamento entre as cultivares Carioca e Flor de Mayo, em duas épocas de cultivo: época da seca, para mancha-angular, e inverno para oídio, nos anos de 1996, 1997 e 1998, em dois locais de Minas Gerais. Foram conduzidos sete experimentos de avaliação fenotípica utilizando o delineamento experimental em látice quadrado simples. Os resultados mostraram que a interação QTLs por locais foi significativa, mas foram identificados alguns QTLs com maior estabilidade. O método da regressão múltipla detectou maior número de marcadores ligados a QTLs do que o processo de mapeamento por intervalo composto; não houve concordância entre os resultados apresentados pelos dois métodos. Os marcadores que se mostraram mais estáveis e promissores para serem utilizados em programas de seleção assistida foram OPR02-832, OPD08-759 e OPN10-851 para reação a oídio; OPN02-436, e OPN07-1072 para reação à mancha-angular.

QTLs for resistance to soybean cyst nematode, races 3, 9, and 14 in cultivar Hartwig

The objective of this work was to identify major and minor-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to races 3, 9, and 14 of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in Hartwig cultivar; to map new resistance QTLs for these races; and to check for the existence of epistatic interactions between QTLs. Cultivar Hartwig is an important resistance source to SCN. Recombinant inbred lines (RIL) obtained from a cross between 'Hartwig' (resistant) and Y23 (susceptible) were evaluated regarding resistance to the three races. New genomic regions for resistance to SCN were identified by microsatellites. Four QTLs, which explained between 12 and 34% of phenotypic variance, were detected for resistance to race 3 in linkage groups (LG) A2, G, J, and M. The QTL in LG G is also important for resistance to race 9. Epistatic interactions were detected between loci, which indicate resistance to races 9 and 14. There are high and low-effect resistance QTLs to SCN.

Análise de associação quanto à produtividade e seus caracteres componentes em linhagens e cultivares de arroz de terras altas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, por meio da análise de mapeamento associativo, os marcadores moleculares relacionados à produtividade do arroz de terras altas e aos seus caracteres componentes. Foram usadas 113 linhagens e cultivares de arroz de terras altas, da Coleção Nuclear de Arroz da Embrapa, com reduzido vínculo genético entre si. Os seguintes caracteres componentes da produtividade foram avaliados: número de panículas por metro, número de grãos por panícula e peso de 100 grãos. Dos 115 marcadores utilizados, 25 (21,7%) associaram-se significativamente a um ou mais caracteres. Entre os 29 SSR ("simple sequence repeats") colocalizados em QTL ("quantitative trait loci") de produtividade de arroz, 12 foram associados aos caracteres avaliados e considerados como candidatos para uso na seleção assistida por marcadores. Os marcadores NP914540, Q6ZGD1 e Q69JE3, associados ao número de grãos por panícula, ainda não foram anotados no arroz e podem constituir o ponto de partida para estudos de genômica funcional. Entre os marcadores derivados de sequências transcritas, NP914526 e NP914533 destacam-se por pertencer a rotas metabólicas relacionadas ao aumento do potencial produtivo de arroz.

Genetic linkage map of Phaseolus vulgaris and identification of QTLs responsible for resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars with a high degree of resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) are not available in Brazil. Despite many studies, a low degree of resistance to Xap continues to exist due to its complex genetic inheritance, which is not well known. The objectives of this research were to complement a common bean genetic map based on the cross between a susceptible genotype 'HAB-52' and a resistant genotype 'BAC-6', and to map and analyze genomic regions (quantitative trait loci – QTLs) related to Xap resistance. Eleven linkage groups were determined using 143 RAPD markers, covering 1,234.5 cM of the genome. This map was used to detect QTLs associated with Xap resistance on leaves and pods. The averages of disease severity on leaves (represented by the transformed disease index – TDI) and pods (represented by the diameter of lesion on pods – DLP) were added to the data of the linkage map. Five TDI QTLs and only one LDP QTL were detected. The TDI QTLs were placed in the A, B, G and J linkage groups, with phenotypic variations ranging from 12.7 to 71.6%. The DLP QTL explained 12.9% of the phenotypic variation and was mapped in a distinct linkage group. These results indicate that there are different genes involved in the control of resistance on leaves and pods.

Seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares visando ao desenvolvimento de plantas resistentes a doenças, com ênfase em feijoeiro e soja

A transferência de alelos de resistência a doenças em plantas pode ser facilitada pelo uso de marcadores moleculares do DNA. Se proximamente ligados a alelos de resistência, eles podem ser usados na seleção assistida por marcadores (S.A.M.). Uma aplicação concreta dos marcadores na S.A.M. é durante o processo de piramidação de alelos de resistência. Por meio da S.A.M., em três gerações de retrocruzamento, o Programa de Melhoramento do Feijoeiro do BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brasil), obteve linhagens de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) com características fenotípicas similares às da cultivar Rudá (recorrente), contendo alelos de resistência à antracnose, ferrugem e mancha-angular. No momento, sementes das linhagens RC3F4, homozigotas para os locos de resistência estão sendo multiplicadas para serem submetidas a inoculações com os patógenos de interesse e a testes agronômicos. O Programa de Melhoramento da Qualidade da Soja do BIOAGRO vem usando marcadores moleculares para identificar "quantitative trait loci" (QTLs) associados à resistência ao nematóide de cisto da soja (NCS). Foram identificados dois marcadores microssatélites (Satt038 e Satt163) flanquendo o alelo de resistência rhg1 e também marcadores ligados a um QTL que confere resistência à raça 14 do NCS. Esse QTL explica mais de 40% da resistência da soja (Glycine max) cultivar Hartwig, uma das principais fontes de resistência ao NCS. A S.A.M. é uma realidade em diversos programas de melhoramento no mundo inteiro que visam ao desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes a doenças. O seu uso efetivo no melhoramento depende de uma maior sintonia entre o melhorista e o biólogo molecular de plantas.

Caracterização de uma população de cacaueiro para mapeamento de genes de resistência à vassoura-de-bruxa e podridão-parda

O cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao) é alvo de diversas enfermidades, sendo que a podridão-parda, causada por Phytophthora spp. é a principal delas mundialmente. Entretanto, no Brasil, a vassoura-de-bruxa causada por Crinipellis perniciosa, é a mais devastadora. A busca de fontes de resistência às doenças é a etapa básica para programas de melhoramento genético e, nesse sentido, este estudo objetivou caracterizar quantitativamente uma progênie oriunda do cruzamento entre os clones SIC-864 e CCN-51, dois genótipos contrastantes para diversas características, inclusive para resistência à vassoura-de-bruxa e podridão-parda. Foram avaliados em condições de campo o número médio de frutos por planta por ano, porcentagem de frutos sadios, porcentagem de frutos com vassoura-de-bruxa, porcentagem de frutos com podridão-parda, número médio de vassouras vegetativas por planta por ano e número médio de vassouras de almofada floral por planta por ano, durante um período de quatro anos. As estatísticas descritivas da produtividade e da resistência a doenças foram calculadas considerando os valores máximo, médio e mínimo, o desvio padrão, o coeficiente de variação, e a distribuição da freqüência. O coeficiente de repetibilidade foi calculado para estimar a acurácia da variação fenotípica por efeitos ambientais pelos métodos da análise de variância, componentes principais e análise estrutural. Foi demonstrado o caráter segregante dessa progênie para resistência à vassoura-de-bruxa e à podridão-parda e para outras características, mostrando a utilidade da população para estudos de mapeamento genético utilizando marcadores moleculares, visando identificar genes de resistência e "quantitative trait loci" (QTLs) dissimilares dos encontrados no clone Scavina-6, tradicionalmente usado em programas de melhoramento genético do cacaueiro.

Predicting variety composite means without diallel crossing

Prediction of variety composite means was shown to be feasible without diallel crossing the parental varieties. Thus, the predicted mean for a quantitative trait of a composite is given by: Yk = a1 sigmaVj + a2sigmaTj + a3 - a4, with coefficients a1 = (n - 2k)/k²(n - 2); a2 = 2n(k - 1)/k²(n - 2); a3 = n(k - 1)/k(n - 1)(n - 2); and a4 = n²(k - 1)/k(n - 1)(n - 2); summation is for j = 1 to k, where k is the size of the composite (number of parental varieties of a particular composite) and n is the total number of parent varieties. Vj is the mean of varieties and Tj is the mean of topcrosses (pool of varieties as tester), and and are the respective average values in the whole set. Yield data from a 7 x 7 variety diallel cross were used for the variety means and for the "simulated" topcross means to illustrate the proposed procedure. The proposed prediction procedure was as effective as the prediction based on Yk = - ( -)/k, where and refer to the mean of hybrids (F1) and parental varieties, respectively, in a variety diallel cross. It was also shown in the analysis of variance that the total sum of squares due to treatments (varieties and topcrosses) can be orthogonally partitioned following the reduced model Yjj’ = mu + ½(v j + v j’) + + h j+ h j’, thus making possible an F test for varieties, average heterosis and variety heterosis. Least square estimates of these effects are also given

Mapping of a Leishmania major gene/locus that confers pentamidine resistance by deletion and insertion of transposable element

Pentamidine (PEN) is an alternative compound to treat antimony-resistant leishmaniasis patients, which cellular target remains unclear. One approach to the identification of prospective targets is to identify genes able to mediate PEN resistance following overexpression. Starting from a genomic library of transfected parasites bearing a multicopy episomal cosmid vector containing wild-type Leishmania major DNA, we isolated one locus capable to render PEN resistance to wild type cells after DNA transfection. In order to map this Leishmania locus, cosmid insert was deleted by two successive sets of partial digestion with restriction enzymes, followed by transfection into wild type cells, overexpression, induction and functional tests in the presence of PEN. To determine the Leishmania gene related to PEN resistance, nucleotide sequencing experiments were done through insertion of the transposon Mariner element of Drosophila melanogaster (mosK) into the deleted insert to work as primer island. Using general molecular techniques, we described here this method that permits a quickly identification of a functional gene facilitating nucleotide sequence experiments from large DNA fragments. Followed experiments revealed the presence of a P-Glycoprotein gene in this locus which role in Leishmania metabolism has now been analyzed.

Detection and mapping of a lethal locus in a eucalyptus hybrid population

The objective of this work was to verify the existence of a lethal locus in a eucalyptus hybrid population, and to quantify the segregation distortion in the linkage group 3 of the Eucalyptus genome. A E. grandis x E. urophylla hybrid population, which segregates for rust resistance, was genotyped with 19 microsatellite markers belonging to linkage group 3 of the Eucalyptus genome. To quantify the segregation distortion, maximum likelihood (ML) models, specific to outbreeding populations, were used. These models consider the observed marker genotypes and the lethal locus viability as parameters. The ML solutions were obtained using the expectation‑maximization algorithm. A lethal locus in the linkage group 3 was verified and mapped, with high confidence, between the microssatellites EMBRA 189 e EMBRA 122. This lethal locus causes an intense gametic selection from the male side. Its map position is 25 cM from the locus which controls the rust resistance in this population.

Cross Mapping Of Nursing diagnoses In Infant Health Using the International Classification of Nursing Practice

This was a descriptive, retrospective study, with a quantitative method, with the aim of analyzing the nursing diagnoses contained in the records of children of 0 to 36 months of age who attended infant health nursing consults. A documentary analysis and the cross-mapping technique were used. One hundred eighty-eight different nursing diagnoses were encountered, of which 33 (58.9%) corresponded to diagnoses contained in the Nomenclature of Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions and 23 (41.1%) were derived from ICNP® Version 1.0. Of the 56 nursing diagnoses, 43 (76.8%) were considered to be deviations from normalcy. It was concluded that the infant health nursing consults enabled the identification of situations of normalcy and abnormality, with an emphasis on the diagnoses of deviations from normalcy. Standardized language favors nursing documentation, contributing to the care of the patient and facilitating communication between nurses and other health professionals.