Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a neonatal intensive care unit in Brazil evaluated by PCR and association with perinatal aspects

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common congenital infection, affecting 0.4% to 2.3% newborns. Most of them are asymptomatic at birth, but later 10% develop handicaps, mainly neurological disturbances. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of CMV shed in urine of newborns from a neonatal intensive care unit using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and correlate positive cases to some perinatal aspects. Urine samples obtained at first week of life were processed according to a PCR protocol. Perinatal data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Twenty of the 292 cases (6.8%) were CMV-DNA positive. There was no statistical difference between newborns with and without CMV congenital infection concerning birth weight (p=0.11), gestational age (p=0.11), Apgar scores in the first and fifth minutes of life (p=0.99 and 0.16), mother's age (p=0.67) and gestational history. Moreover, CMV congenital infection was neither related to gender (p=0.55) nor to low weight (<2,500g) at birth (p=0.13). This high prevalence of CMV congenital infection (6.8%) could be due to the high sensitivity of PCR technique, the low socioeconomic level of studied population or the severe clinical status of these newborns.

Perinatal development and adult blood pressure

A growing body of evidence supports the concept of fetal programming in cardiovascular disease in man, which asserts that an insult experienced in utero exerts a long-term influence on cardiovascular function, leading to disease in adulthood. However, this hypothesis is not universally accepted, hence animal models may be of value in determining potential physiological mechanisms which could explain how fetal undernutrition results in cardiovascular disease in later life. This review describes two major animal models of cardiovascular programming, the in utero protein-restricted rat and the cross-fostered spontaneously hypertensive rat. In the former model, moderate maternal protein restriction during pregnancy induces an increase in offspring blood pressure of 20-30 mmHg. This hypertensive effect is mediated, in part, by fetal exposure to excess maternal glucocorticoids as a result of a deficiency in placental 11-ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Furthermore, nephrogenesis is impaired in this model which, coupled with increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system, could also contribute to the greater blood pressure displayed by these animals. The second model discussed is the cross-fostered spontaneously hypertensive rat. Spontaneously hypertensive rats develop severe hypertension without external intervention; however, their adult blood pressure may be lowered by 20-30 mmHg by cross-fostering pups to a normotensive dam within the first two weeks of lactation. The mechanisms responsible for this antihypertensive effect are less clear, but may also involve altered renal function and down-regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. These two models clearly show that adult blood pressure is influenced by exposure to one of a number of stimuli during critical stages of perinatal development.

Do early life factors influence body mass index in adolescents?

The association between early life factors and body mass index (BMI) in adulthood has been demonstrated in developed countries. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of early life factors (birth weight, gestational age, maternal smoking, and social class) on BMI in young adulthood with adjustment for adult socioeconomic position. A cohort study was carried out in 1978/79 with 6827 mother-child pairs from Ribeirão Preto city, located in the most developed economic area of the country. Biological, economic and social variables and newborn anthropometric measurements were obtained shortly after delivery. In 1996, 1189 males from this cohort, 34.3% of the original male population, were submitted to anthropometric measurements and were asked about their current schooling on the occasion of army recruitment. A multiple linear regression model was applied to determine variables associated with BMI. Mean BMI was 22.7 (95%CI = 22.5-23.0). After adjustment, BMI was 1.22 kg/m² higher among infants born with high birth weight (³4000 g), 1.21 kg/m² higher among individuals of low social class at birth and 0.69 kg/m² higher among individuals whose mothers smoked during pregnancy (P < 0.05). The association between social class at birth and BMI remained statistically significant (P < 0.05) even after adjustment for adult schooling. These findings suggest that early life social influences on BMI were more important and were not reversed by late socioeconomic position. Therefore, prevention of overweight and obesity should focus not only on changes in adult life styles but also on factors such as high birth weight.

Examining life-course influences on chronic disease: the Ribeirão Preto and São Luís birth cohort studies (Brazil)

More than any other low- and middle-income country, Brazil has the longest research tradition of establishing, maintaining and exploiting birth cohort studies. This research pedigree is highlighted in the present issue of the Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, which contains a series of twelve papers from the Ribeirão Preto and São Luis birth cohort studies from the Southeast and Northeast of Brazil, respectively. The topics covered in this raft of reports vary and include predictors of perinatal health and maternal risk factors, early life determinants of cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and adolescence, use of health services, and a description of dietary characteristics of young adults, amongst other topics. There is also a guide to the background, objectives, sampling and protocols employed across these studies, which, together with similar pieces published in past issues of the Brazilian Journal, serve as a very useful starting point, particularly for potential collaborators. In the fervent hope that further follow-up of these cohorts will take place - we provide our own justification for cohort maintenance and extension in this issue - future data collection could include: genetic material, atherosclerosis, ascertained, for instance, by intima-media thickness, and IQ testing in children - scores from which are emerging as potentially important predictors of adult health outcomes up to six decades later.

Changes in the ways of life of farmers in the northwest of Portugal after 1980

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the changes from 1980s in the lifestyles of families of pluriactive and exclusively agricultural farmers in the northwest of Portugal caused by the income arising from the migration of at least one member of the family to another country in the European Union and the narrowing of the labor and consumer markets among the villages, towns and cities. The theoretical framework used to analyze the changes in the way of life of the pluriactive farmers was based on Giddens' theory of structuration, which denies both the absolute determinism of the structure on the subject and the freedom of unrestrained action of these same subjects. The study was carried out with the application of a survey to 78 farmers, divided into "pluriactive" and "exclusively agricultural" farmers. The findings pointed out to a greater aquisition of modes of urban life by pluriactive farmers compared with the exclusively agricultural farmers and showed a generational bias in this process of acculturation.

Focusing illusion in satisfaction with life among college students living in Brazil

Literature shows that there are significant associations between health and happiness. Various countries are considering, contemplating or formally incorporating the happiness variable into their public health policies. Moreover, the private sector has shown interest in the topic. Based on that This article examines the biases in the perception of satisfaction with life among young adults in two Brazilian cities. The study explores the associations between aspects of life and perception of happiness because public policies associated with happiness require an improved understanding of the subjectivity of the sense of well-being. A survey conducted among 368 college students enabled analysis through Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and linear regression. The results suggest that, although there were no significant differences in general satisfaction with life between the two cities, there were indications of focusing illusion in the perception of happiness caused by expectations arising from the feeling of personal insecurity in a metropolis.

Mortalidade perinatal em São Paulo, Brasil

Foi analisada a mortalidade perinatal em São Paulo num período de dois anos. Partiu o estudo da totalidade dos atestados de nascidos mortos e de uma amostra de óbitos de menores de sete dias, para a qual a metodologia foi a de entrevistas domiciliares e junto aos médicos e hospitais que tenham prestado assistência às crianças falecidas. O coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal encontrado foi igual a 42,04 por mil nascidos vivos. Esse valor apresenta-se bastante elevado quando comparado ao de áreas desenvolvidas. Foi verificado que ele poderia ser diminuído com a simples redução dos coeficientes específicos por algumas causas evitáveis a nível de pré-natal (sífilis congênita, doenças próprias ou associadas à gravidez), do parto (distócias, traumatismos obstétricos e anóxia), ou da atenção ao recém-nascido (causas infecciosas, do aparelho respiratório, hemorragias e certas anóxias). O coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal segundo a idade da mãe mostrou que o risco varia com a idade, apresentando-se maior nas mulheres de 40 a 49 anos.

Saúde perinatal em Pelotas, RS, Brasil: fatores sociais e biológicos

Todos os nascimentos ocorridos em hospitais na cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil, durante 1982, foram estudados através de entrevistas hospitalares e de visitas domiciliares de uma amostra dos recém-nascidos e revisão mensal de atestados de óbito. A mortalidade perinatal para recém-nascidos de partos únicos foi de 31,9/1.000 nascidos totais, sendo a mortalidade fetal de 16,2/1.000 e a mortalidade neonatal precoce de 15,9/1.000. A incidência de baixo peso ao nascer (peso abaixo de 2.500g) foi de 8,1% para partos únicos.

Estudo da morbidade e da mortalidade perinatal em maternidades. I-Descrição do projeto e resultados gerais

É descrito estudo sobre morbidade e mortalidade ocorridas no período perinatal por meio da coleta de dados referentes ao evento, ao produto e à mãe. O estudo foi feito, de maneira coordenada e padronizada, em nove maternidades, sendo sete no Estado de São Paulo, uma no Rio de Janeiro e outra em Florianópolis, SC, o que possibilitou a coleta de dados referentes à 13.130 eventos, dos quais 12.782 eram nascidos vivos; 217 nascidos mortos e 131 abortos. Esta apresentação é a primeira de uma série e que visou descrever detalhadamente o projeto, bem como apresentar alguns resultados globais, sendo que resultados mais específicos serão apresentados futuramente. Dentre os resultados globais chama a atenção a alta mortalidade perinatal, a alta percentagem de cesária e o baixo peso nos casos de nascidos mortos ser, aproximadamente, cinco vezes mais forte que o baixo peso ao nascer nos casos de nascidos vivos.

Estudo da morbidade e da mortalidade perinatal em maternidades: II - mortalidade perinatal segundo peso ao nascer, idade materna, assistência pré-natal e hábito de fumar da mãe

Analisa-se a influência de variáveis como peso ao nascer, idade materna, assistência pré-natal e tabagismo materno. Do estudo dos 12.999 nascimentos (vivos e mortos) ocorridos em nove maternidades no período de um ano, verificou-se que a mortalidade perinatal é muito maior para os recém-nascidos de baixo peso (665,3 ‰ para peso até 1.500 g), diminuindo à medida que aumenta o peso ao nascer. Também nos casos de mães jovens (menores de 15 anos) ou mães com idade superior a 35 anos esse coeficiente foi mais elevado (45,5 ‰ para mães com menos de 15 anos e 47,0 ‰ para mães entre 35 a 39 anos). A faixa imediatamente superior - 40 a 44 anos - apresentou a mais alta mortalidade perinatal: 61,3 ‰ nascidos vivos e nascidos mortos. O número de consultas realizadas no pré-natal tem importância para a diminuição da gestação de alto risco. Mães que fizeram 7 ou mais consultas no pré-natal tiveram a menor mortalidade no período (17,7‰ nascidos vivos e nascidos mortos). Já o hábito materno de fumar influencia a mortalidade quando a quantidade é de mais de 10 cigarros por dia. A mortalidade perinatal dos produtos de mães que fumavam menos de 10 cigarros por dia não diferiu das taxas de mortalidade para as mães não-fumantes.

Estudo da morbidade e da mortalidade perinatal em maternidades: III - Anomalias congênitas em nascidos vivos

Realizou-se estudo das anomalias congênitas encontradas em recém-nascidos vivos, em nove maternidades, durante o ano de 1981-1982. O material é parte de uma pesquisa desenvolvida em sete maternidade do Estado de São Paulo, uma do Rio de Janeiro e uma de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina (Brasil), no período de agosto de 1981 a julho de 1982, quando foram coletados dados sobre todos os nascimentos ocorridos nesses nove serviços. As anomalias congênitas foram definidas como as descritas no XIV.° capítulo da Classificação Internacional de Doenças - 1975, 9ª Revisão, tendo sido utilizada essa classificação para codificá-las. Na análise estatística foram utilizados o X² (com um grau de liberdade), o teste de inclinação para proporções ("Trend test") e a técnica de Berkson para a verificação da hipótese de aderência à distribuição de Poisson. Em 12.782 recém-nascidos vivos, 286 (2,24%) apresentavam algum tipo de anomalia congênita, tendo havido 26 (0,20%) crianças com duas anomalias, 9 (0,07%) com três e duas (0,02) apresentando quatro tipos de malformações congênitas. As deformidades osteomusculares congênitas (código 754 da CID) foram as mais freqüentes (19%);segue-se as outras anomalias congênitas do coração (746) com uma freqüência de 14,1%. Ao se analisar a prevalência dessas malformações pela idade da mãe nota-se que há um aumento da prevalência à medida que a idade avança, apenas para Sindrome de Down (758).

Causas de mortalidade perinatal em Pelotas, RS (Brasil): utilização de uma classificação simplificada

O coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal dos 7.392 nascimentos ocorridos nos hospitais de Pelotas, RS, (Brasil) no ano de 1982, foi de 33,7 por 1.000, e 8,8% dos recém-nascidos pesaram menos de 2.500 g. As causas de mortalidade perinatal foram analisadas utilizando-se a classificação simplifícada proposta por Wigglesworth. Trinta e seis por cento dos óbitos perinatais ocorreram antes do início do trabalho de parto (natimortos antepartum), e destes, 60% pesaram mais de 2.000 g. A segunda causa mais importante de morte foi imaturidade, com 31% dos óbitos. Neste grupo, 21% pesaram mais de 2.000 g. Estes achados, assim como as altas taxas de mortalidade perinatal para grupos específicos de peso ao nascer, sugerem que algumas falhas estão ocorrendo no atendimento de saúde da população materno-infantil em Pelotas, tanto em clínicas de pré-natal como no atendimento do parto.

Possible consequences of increasing life expectancy in Brazil: the perspective of a European historical demographer

Those over sixty years of age accounted for 6.6% of the total population of Brazil in 1985, in the Federal Republic of Germany this proportion was 20.3% in 1984. As early as 1950 it had been 14.5%. This proportion will not even be reached in Brazil in the year 2000 when persons aged sixty years and older are only projected to make up 8.8% of the total population. Similarly, in 1982/84 life expectancy at birth in the Federal Republic was 70.8 years for men and 77.5 for women; in Brazil the figures for 1980/85 were, by contrast, "only" 61.0 and 66.0. Against this background it is easy to understand why the discussion concerning an ageing society with its many related medical, economic, individual and social problems has been so slow in coming into its own in Brazil. As important as a more intensive consideration of these aspects may be in Brazil at present, they are, nevertheless, only one side of the story. For a European historical demographer with a long-term perspective of three of four hundred years, the other side of the story is just as important. The life expectancy which is almost ten years lower in Brazil is not a result of the fact that no one in Brazil lives to old age. In 1981 people sixty-five years and older accounted for 34.4% of all deaths! At the same time infants accounted for only 22.1% of total mortality. They are responsible, along with the "premature" deaths among youths and adults, for the low, "average" life expectancy figure. In Europe, by contrast, these "premature" deaths no longer play much of a role. In 1982/84 more than half of the women (52.8%) in the Federal Republic of Germany lived to see their eightieth birthdays and almost half of the men (47.3%) lived to see their seventy-fifth. Our biological existence is guaranteed to an extent today that would have been unthinkable a few generations ago. Then, the classic troika of "plague, hunger and war" threatened our forefathers all the time and everywhere. The radical transition from the formerly uncertain to a present-day certain lifetime, which is the result of the repression of "plague, hunger and war", led to unexpected consequences for our living together. Our forefathers were forced to live in closely knit Gemeinschaften in the interest of physical survival and to subordinate their egoistic goals to a common value, but now these pressures have, for the most part, fallen away. Correspondingly, this much more certain EGO has taken center stage. An ever greater number of us chooses to live life as single beings: the number of marriages is lower every year; the number of divorces is on the increase; in Berlin (West) more than half (sic! 52.3%) of all households are already composed on only one person. For the last dozen years the annual number of births in the Federal Republic has been insufficient to ensure population replacement. Not a population explosion but rather the opposite, a population implosion, is our problem. Human beings do not appear to be "social animals", as was axiomatically assumed for so long. They were only forced to behave as such for as long as "plague, hunger and war" forced them to do so. When these life endangering conditions no longer exist and life becomes certain even without their being integrated into a Gemeinschaft then humans suddenly show themselves more and more to be independent single beings. It is not the percentage of the population that is over sixty or sixty-five that is decisive in this context but rather how certain adults perceive their biological lives to be, since they are the ones who organize their lives, who build communities or who are ever more often willing only to enter into means-to-an-end personal unions without lasting or close ties and mutual responsibilities. There are many signs which seem to point to a development in this direction in Brazil as well. More and more adults in Brazil are caught up in the deep-seated transition from an uncertain to a certain lifetime. A third of them die after having reached their sixty-fifth birthday. It therefore seems to me to be high time that one began to give more consideration to the other side of the story in Brazil as well. And who is more suited intensively to consider the long-term perspectives than those engaged in the public health sector in whose competence, after all, such aspects, as "life certainty", "life expectancy" and "age at death" belong?

Situação de saúde materna e perinatal no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Pelos dados oficiais disponíveis, para o Estado de São Paulo (Brasil) analisou-se a assistência oferecida na gestação, no parto e ao recém-nascido e suas relações com a mortalidade materna e perinatal. Com referência ao pré-natal, houve indícios de quantidade de consultas por gestação, numericamente suficiente, porém de qualidade discutível. Quanto ao parto observou-se uma alta percentagem de cesarianas (46,2%). A mortalidade materna foi de 4,86 por dez mil n.v., valor este subestimado. A primeira causa de óbitos maternos foram as toxemias, seguidas das hemorragias e do aborto, causas estas evitáveis em sua maioria, com uma boa qualidade de assistência pré-natal e ao parto. Quanto aos óbitos do período perinatal, o coeficiente foi de 29,2 por mil nascimentos em 1984, valor este também elevado. A análise das causas de óbitos mostrou que as afecções de origem perinatal ocorreram em cerca de 90% dos óbitos, tendo como principais causas as hipóxias intra-uterinas, asfixias, síndromes de angústia respiratória e aspiração maciça. Esses dados revelam a má qualidade de assistência recebida por este grupo. Sugere-se que a nova política de Sistema Unificado e Descentralizado de Saúde deveria levar em conta tanto a qualidade de assistência como a integração dos serviços para poder-se fazer frente à situação precária de saúde materna e perinatal do Estado.