Mensuração dos custos econômicos do setor de distribuição de gás canalizado do estado de São Paulo com o emprego do EVA®: o caso da Comgás

Este artigo mensura os custos econômicos ao longo do período compreendido entre 2004 e 2008, através de uma abordagem exploratória com a utilização do Economic Value Added - EVA®, aplicando os procedimentos de Nam e colaboradores (2009) ao caso da Comgás. Os resultados oferecem indícios de que a companhia está em uma situação de deseconomia de escala, o que ressalta a importância de o órgão regulador avaliar se os investimentos realizados pela companhia e o custo de capital estarão alinhados à obtenção de economias de escala, cujos benefícios possam ser transmitidos aos consumidores no próximo ciclo tarifário.

Shiftworking families: parents' working schedule and sleep patterns of adolescents attending school in two shifts

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether parents' engagement in shift work affects the sleep habits of their adolescent children who attend school in two shifts. METHODS: The data were drawn from an extensive survey of sleep and daytime functioning of adolescents attending school one week in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The participants were 1,386 elementary and high school students (11-18 years old) whose parents were both employed. The data were analyzed using MANOVA, with parents' work schedule, adolescents' gender and type of school as between-subject factors. RESULTS: Parents' working schedule significantly affected the sleep patterns of high school adolescents. When attending school in the morning, adolescents whose parents were both day workers woke up somewhat later than adolescents with one shiftworking parent. In addition, they slept longer than adolescents whose parents were both shift workers. On weekends, adolescents whose parents both worked during the day went to bed earlier than adolescents whose parents were both shiftworkers. They also had smaller bedtime delay on weekends with respect to both morning and afternoon shifts than adolescents for whom one or both parents worked shifts. A significant interaction between parents' working schedule, adolescents' gender and type of school was found for sleep extension on weekends after afternoon shift school. CONCLUSIONS: Parental involvement in shift work has negative effects on the sleep of high school adolescents. It contributes to earlier wake-up time and shorter sleep in a week when adolescents attend school in the morning, as well as to greater bedtime irregularity.

Decision-making on childhood vaccination by highly educated parents

OBJECTIVE To analyze the sociocultural aspects involved in the decision-making process of vaccination in upper-class and highly educated families.METHODS A qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews with 15 couples from the city of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, falling into three categories: vaccinators, late or selective vaccinators, and nonvaccinators. The interpretation of produced empirical material was performed through content analysis.RESULTS The study showed diverse and particular aspects surrounding the three groups’ decisions whether to vaccinate their children. The vaccinators’ decision to vaccinate their children was spontaneous and raised no questions. Most late or selective vaccinators experienced a wide range of situations that were instrumental in the decision to delay or not apply certain vaccines. The nonvaccinator’s decision-making process expressed a broader context of both criticism of hegemonic obstetric practices in Brazil and access to information transmitted via social networks and the internet. The data showed that the problematization of vaccines (culminating in the decision to not vaccinate their children) occurred in the context of humanized birth, was protagonized by women and was greatly influenced by health information from the internet.CONCLUSIONS Sociocultural aspects of the singular Brazilian context and the contemporary society were involved in the decision-making on children’s vaccination. Understanding this process can provide a real basis for a deeper reflection on health and immunization practices in Brazil in light of the new contexts and challenges of the world today.

Estudo do óleo essencial do puxuri por cromatografia de gás /espectrometria de massa (CG/EM) .

Utilizando cromatografia gás-espectrometria de massa (CG/EM) com computador, descreve-se os constituintes voláteis do óleo essencial das sementes de puxuri (Licaria puchury-major). Identificaram-se nove monoterpenos na mistura, além de safrol, eugenol, metileugenol e ácido dodecanóico, citados previamente.

Distribution of risk factors in parents and siblings of patients with early coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE: Early coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with risk factors (RF). Offspring of parents with a RF have a greater prevalence of them. However, the distribution of RF in parents and siblings of patients with early CAD is unknown. METHODS: The study comprised the parents and siblings of 42 patients with early CAD (< 45 years), 29 males. Their mean age was 39.5±3.7 years. The following major RF were analyzed: smoking (> 5 cigarretes/day), hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL), hypertension (diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg), and diabetes (glycemia > 126 mg/dL). RESULTS: Of a total of 102 RF, 4, 3, 2, and 1 were observed in, respectively, 5, 15, 15, and 7 patients with early CAD, the most prevalent being smoking (86%) and hypercholesterolemia (83%). Diabetes was observed in 15 (36%) and hypertension in 16 (38%) patients. Smoking was more prevalent in the fathers (76%) and hypercholesterolemia in the mothers (30%). In 183 siblings, 131 RF were observed (1 patient with the disease had a mean of 4.7 siblings). The prevalences of smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes in the siblings were, respectively, 32%, 18%, 14%, and 9%. The incidence of RF was as follows: 72 (39%) siblings had 1 RF, 25 (14%) siblings had 2 RF, and 3 (2%) siblings had 3 RF. In parents and their offspring, smoking was moderately correlated (r=0.43; P=0.02) with CAD. CONCLUSION: Smoking habit of parents is passed on to offspring, and, in association with hypercholesterolemia, it was the major cause of early CAD in offspring. High prevalence of smoking in offspring shows the potential responsibility of parents in the incidence of the disease in offspring.

Ação inibidora do gás carbonico sobre as convulsões experimentais: III) experiências na crioepilepsia da rã: mecanismo da ação inibidora do gás carbonico nas convulsões

Neste trabalho descrevemos experiencias destinadas a mostrar a influência do pH nas crises convulsivas por resfriamento da medula espinhal da rã e estudar o mecanismo da ação inibidora do gás carbonico sobre estas conculsões. Verificamos que o CO² não age atravez um abaixamento do pH do sangue ou do meio intercelular. O gás carbonico teria uma ação específica que estaria ligada á sua grande difusibilidade. Essa sua propriedade permitiria que penetrasse ràpidamente no interior de neurônio, abaixando sensìvelmente o pH intracelular, sem que houvesse nítida variação do pH do sangue.

ARMAZENAMENTO DE MAÇÃS 'ROYAL GALA' SOB DIFERENTES TEMPERATURAS E PRESSÕES PARCIAIS DE OXIGÊNIO E GÁS CARBÔNICO

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento e condições de atmosfera controlada sobre a manutenção da qualidade da maçã cv. Royal Gala. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em um esquema bifatorial, com 4 repetições e a amostra composta por 25 frutos. Os oito tratamentos originaram-se da combinação de dois níveis do fator temperatura (-0.5ºC e 0ºC) com quatro níveis do fator condição de atmosfera controlada (1kPa O2/2kPa CO2, 1,2kPa O2/2kPa CO2, 1kPa de O2/3kPa CO2 e 1,2kPa O2/3kPa CO2). As avaliações foram realizadas após nove meses de armazenamento, na abertura das câmaras, e após sete dias de exposição dos frutos à temperatura de 20ºC. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as temperaturas testadas não diferiram estatisticamente com relação à acidez titulável na saída da câmara, sendo que a melhor combinação de gases foi 1,2 kPa de O2 e 2 kPa de CO2. Já após sete dias de armazenamento a 0ºC, não houve diferença estatística com relação à concentração de gases. A temperatura de 0ºC apresentou maior firmeza de polpa, menor incidência de frutos com polpa farinhenta e degenerescência da polpa após sete dias a 20ºC. A combinação de gases 1,0kPa de O2 e 2 e 3 kPa de CO2 apresentou melhor manutenção da acidez titulável e menores valores de ocorrência de podridões e distúrbios fisiológicos. Concluiu-se que a melhor temperatura de armazenamento para a cv. Royal Gala é de 0(0)C e a melhor combinação de gases é de 1kPa de O2 e 2 e 3 kPa de CO2.

Estudo angiográfico de fístula arteriovenosa utilizando gás carbônico como meio de contrante

OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem por finalidade obter um método diagnóstico angiográfico alternativo que possa ser utilizado em doentes com alto risco ao uso de meio de contraste iodado. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 26 doentes com insuficiência renal crônica, que tiveram suas fístulas analisadas, submetidos à angiografia digital - na primeira fase, utilizando o meio de contraste iodado e, na segunda fase, gás carbônico como meio de contraste, com registro em filme angiográfico. A angiografia foi avaliada por dois médicos independentes, que analisaram a opacificação, o diagnóstico radiológico e o calibre dos vasos; a análise comparativa das medidas da artéria, da veia e da freqüência respiratória antes e após a injeção de contraste foi realizada pelo autor. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos pela analise estatística utilizando coeficiente kappa apresentaram concordância entre os dois médicos, referente à opacificação, de 0,3217, referente ao diagnóstico radiológico, de 0,5583, e referente à analise de calibre dos vasos, de 0,4298. A análise das medidas da artéria e da veia não apresentou diferença significativa pela medida de posição e dispersão, mostrando concordância na regressão linear, com p-valor de 0,3657 e de 0,2041; para a freqüência respiratória, as análises das medidas de posição e dispersão não apresentaram diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos ser este método uma alternativa no estudo angiográfico em pacientes com antecedente alérgico ou com risco nefrotóxico.

Identificação dos principais componentes do fungicida guazatine através da cromatografia a gás e cromatografia a gás acoplada com espectrometria de massas

Hexafluoroacetylaceton derivatives of some synthesized components of the guazatine fungicide were prepared, and their separation and identification performed through gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chromatogram obtained from hexafluoroacetylacetone derivative of the commercial guazatine presented 14 major peaks, and 9 of them were identified through both techniques mentioned above.

Desenvolvimento de um detector piezelétrico para cromatógrafo a gás interfaceado a microcomputador

A piezoelectric detector based on a commercial quartz crystal of 3.57MHz is shown. A PTFE cell attached to the GC-column outlet holds the polymer-coated crystal, whose terminals were removed. Two TTL oscillators (reference and sensor) are used and the beating of their frequencies is monitored through a home-made counter card inserted in a microcomputer. The original thermal conductivity detector was also interfaced, but through a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter. In spite of the well-known fact that QCM has low sensitivity at high temperatures, results show significant peak deformation for low temperatures. In addition, the phenomenon is also dependent on the chemical composition of the absorbent film besides instantaneous partial pressure and chemical composition of the analyte.

O médico George Thomson e os primeiros desenvolvimentos do conceito de gás

The word gas was coined by the "chemical philosopher" Joan Baptista Van Helmont (1579 -- 1644) to name a very broad concept in his chemico-medical system. Eventually, some physicians who followed Helmontian ideas adopted the concept. The present paper aims to analyze the reception of the original idea of gas by an English Helmontian physician, George Thomson (1619 -- 1677). Thomson wrote that the "material cause" of the plague was a gas, and compared it to the "Gas of sulphur". He also related the human archeus to a gas, and explained some observations in the laboratory in terms of production of gases. We observe, however, that Thomson was not as interested as Van Helmont in discussing details about the structure of the matter. Thus, gas did not have the same relevance in Thomson's work as it had in Van Helmont's.

Os primeiros desenvolvimentos do conceito helmontiano de gás: parte II

This paper focuses on the early interpretations of the concept of gas, originally created by J. B. Van Helmont (1579 ¾ 1644). Our main interest is on the ideas of English physicians and chemical philosophers of the seventeenth century. Gas was usually associated with the material cause of diseases, with the vital spirit, or with a volatile spirit produced in some kinds of material transformations. As a general trend, however, the authors who did not want to embrace the details of the medico-chemical system proposed by Van Helmont preferred to use more well-known words (such as vapours, exhalations, effluvia, odours, spirits), avoiding the use of the neologism.

Sistema de alimentação gás-líquido para medidas de atividade catalítica

This note has as objective to present the advantages of the use of syringe-type pumps for the feeding of liquid reactants, together with mass flow controllers for gases, instead of the saturators, as it is generally accomplished. Among the advantages, the system with syringe pumps presents a greater flexibility in flow control as well as in composition compared with the system that uses saturator. In addition, the flow of the liquid reactants is known with precision in the syringe pump system.

Extração de esteróides em frutos de Ottonia martiana Miq., Piperaceae, com gás liqüefeito

A new extraction method for sterols was tested in fruits of Ottonia martiana Miq., a shrub belonging to the family Piperaceae, popularly known as "anestésica" due to the use of its roots and aerial parts, in alcoholic preparations, in treatment of odontological problems. For this purpose, a portable extraction equipment was developed, to operate with liquified gases, which showed to be practical, fast and effective, besides being economical and ecological. In the chromatographic analysis of the extracts obtained in this equipment, it was demonstrated the presence of two sterols, isomers of b-sitosterol and stigmasterol.