Efeito de concentrações subinibitórias de penicilina sobre antígenos de estreptococos do grupo G

O efeito de concentrações subinibitórias de penicilina sobre a produção do antígeno grupo-específico e da hialuronidase extracelular foi avaliado em uma amostra de estreptococo pertencente ao grupo G de Lancefield. Em todas as concentrações uma maior quantidade de antígeno grupo-específico foi extraída das células e a atividade específica de hialuronidase se mostrou aumentada em até 1400% nos sobrenadantes das culturas. O maior aumento na expressão de ambos os antígenos foi observado em 1/2 da CMI.

Prevalence of rubella antibodies in a non-immunized urban population, São Paulo, Brazil

The prevalence of rubella antibodies was evaluated through a ramdom Seroepidemiological survey in 1400 blood samples of 2-14 year old children and in 329 samples of umbilical cord serum. Rubella IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA, and the sera were collected in 1987, five years before the mass vaccination campaign with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine carried out in the city of São Paulo in 1992. A significant increase in prevalence of rubella infection was observed after 6 years of age, and 77% of the individuals aged from 15 to 19 years had detectable rubella antibodies. However, the seroprevalence rose to 90.5% (171/189) in cord serum samples from children whose mothers were 20 to 29 years old, and reached 95.6% in newborns of mothers who were 30 to 34 years old, indicating that a large number of women are infected during childbearing years. This study confirms that rubella infection represents an important Public Health problem in São Paulo city. The data on the seroprevalence of rubella antibodies before the mass vaccination campaign reflects the baseline immunological status of this population before any intervention and should be used to design an adequate vaccination strategy and to assess the Seroepidemiological impact of this intervention.

Padrões de floração e frutificação de árvores da Amazônia Maranhense

Estudos fenológicos em nível de comunidades podem facilitar a compreensão do comportamento das espécies diante de alterações nos ecossistemas, além de refletir a distribuição anual de tipos específicos de recursos. Este trabalho buscou definir os padrões gerais e a sazonalidade de floração e frutificação de uma comunidade em duas áreas de floresta na Amazônia Maranhense, uma não perturbada e outra submetida a corte seletivo. A vegetação corresponde às matas de cipós das florestas amazônicas, alternando matas densas e abertas, de alta biomassa. Valores médios anuais de temperatura variam entre 24,5º C e 26,0º C, e entre 1400 mm e 1800 mm de precipitação, com um período seco de 5 a 6 meses, de junho a novembro. Foram analisadas a floração e a frutificação de 89 espécies arbóreas, de agosto de 1994 a junho de 1996. As espécies foram agrupadas em: árvores do sub-dossel, árvores do estrato superior e árvores que ocorrem em ambos os estratos. Foi feita comparação entre grupos (estratos, tipos de floresta e mecanismos de dispersão) e possíveis correlações com a precipitação foram investigadas. Quinze espécies estudadas foram exclusivas do estrato inferior e 63 do estrato superior da floresta; 17 espécies foram registradas apenas na mata nativa e 37 apenas na mata manejada. A maioria das espécies é zoocórica (62,9 %). A floração e a frutificação ocorreram durante todo o ano, com pico de floração de outubro a dezembro e picos de frutificação de março a julho e de outubro a dezembro. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma grande sincronia na floração e frutificação dos indivíduos, e confirmam a relação entre esses processos e a variação na precipitação ao longo do ano, e que plantas de ambientes diferenciados exibem comportamentos fenológicos diferentes. Os padrões observados foram semelhantes entre as áreas e a outros estudos na Amazônia.

Behavior of triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) vectors of Chagas' disease. II. Influence of feeding, lighting and time of day on the number of mating, mating speed and duration of copulation of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm, 1835) under laboratory conditions

To determine in influence of feeding, lighting and time of day on the copulating behavior of Panstrongylus megistus, 480 insect pairs were divided into four groups of 120 each and tested in the following respective situations: without food deprivation (F.D.), with five days of F.D., with ten days of F.D., and with 20 days of F. D. The tests were performed between 9:00 a.m. to 12:00a.m. and 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., with light (700-1400 lux) and in the dark (1.4-2.8 lux) and behavior was recorded by the time sampling technique. Mating spped (MS) and duration of copulation (DC) were also calculated for each situation. The maximum frequency of copulation was observed after five days of F.D., at night, in the dark (n = 16), and the minimum was observed for recently-fed pairs, at night, with light (n = 4). Males approached females more often than females approached males. MS was lowest in pairs with twenty days of F.D., at night, with light (X = 23.0 ± 16.0 minutes), and highest in recently-fed pairs, during the day, with light (X = 2.9 ± 2.5 minutes). DC was shortest in recently-fed insects, during the day, in the dark (X = 23.5 ± 6.7 minutes), and longest in recently-fed animals, at night, in the dark (X = 38.3 ± 6.9 minutes).

Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Alpinia speciosa

Alpinia speciosa Schum or A. nutans is a plant of the Zingiberanceae family, Known popularly as "colony" (colônia) and used as a diuretic and to control hypertensión. We have determinated the concentration of Na+ and K+ found in the alcoholic extract and in the tea concoction. They contained 51.0mEq Na+, and 132 mEq K+ in the extract, and 0,0 mEq of Na+ and 26 mEq K+ in the tea. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves demonstrated the presence of catecquic tanins, phenols and alkaloids, and also some essential oils. When injected intra-peritoneally the hydroalcoholic extract, in range of 100 a 1400 mg/Kg, (or 2500-18000 mg/Kg orally) produced in mice: writhing, psychomorot excitation, hypokinesis and pruritus. The LD50 by ip was 0.760 + or - 0.126 g/Kg and 10.0 + or - 2.5 g/Kg by oral administration for the hydroalcoholic extract. Subacute toxicity made injecting daily for 30 days the LD10 in rats caused an increase in transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase, whereas other parameters such as nlood glucose, urea and creatinine were normal. A histopathological analysis of liver, spleen, gut, lung and heart showed no alterations. The drug also produced a prolongation of the sleeping time. The hydroalcoholic extract induced int he rat and in the dog a dose-dependent fall in blood pressure in doses of 10 to 30 mg/Kg. In isolated atria the extract induced a reduction of the frequnecy and in the inotropic responses. Neither the extract nor the tea had an effect on the diuresis of the rat.

Development and validation of PCR-based assays for diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and identificatio nof the parasite species

In this study, PCR assays targeting different Leishmania heat-shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) regions, producing fragments ranging in size from 230-390 bp were developed and evaluated to determine their potential as a tool for the specific molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). A total of 70 Leishmania strains were analysed, including seven reference strains (RS) and 63 previously typed strains. Analysis of the RS indicated a specific region of 234 bp in the hsp70 gene as a valid target that was highly sensitive for detection of Leishmania species DNA with capacity of distinguishing all analyzed species, after polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorfism (PCR-RFLP). This PCR assay was compared with other PCR targets used for the molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: hsp70 (1400-bp region), internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd). A good agreement among the methods was observed concerning the Leishmania species identification. Moreover, to evaluate the potential for molecular diagnosis, we compared the PCR targets hsp70-234 bp, ITS1, G6pd and mkDNA using a panel of 99 DNA samples from tissue fragments collected from patients with confirmed CL. Both PCR-hsp70-234 bp and PCR-ITS1 detected Leishmania DNA in more than 70% of the samples. However, using hsp70-234 bp PCR-RFLP, identification of all of the Leishmania species associated with CL in Brazil can be achieved employing a simpler and cheaper electrophoresis protocol.

Quebra da dormência da maciera (Malus domestica Borkh) em São Joaquim-SC

A macieira é uma fruteira de clima temperado que se caracteriza pelo fenômeno de dormência das gemas, necessitando de determinado número de horas de frio (< 7,2ºC) para abertura de gemas. No Brasil, São Joaquim-SC, é o local que apresenta as melhores condições climáticas para o cultivo desta espécie. Entretanto, não é correto afirmar que sempre apresenta horas de frio suficientes para satisfazer as exigências das cultivares. Foram desenvolvidos experimentos no ano 1998 e 1999, em microclimas específicos, que vão de 900 a 1400 metros de altitude, no município de São Joaquim -- SC, permitindo afirmar que apenas para a cultivar Gala, nos locais mais altos, acima de 1300 m, em anos acima de 2.300 unidades de frio, é dispensada a superação de dormência artificial.