Fertirrigação da bananeira cv. Prata-Anã com N e K em um argissolo vermelho-amarelo

O Nordeste brasileiro é a principal região produtora de banana, responsável por cerca de 35,80% da produção nacional. Apesar das condições favoráveis ao seu cultivo, a produtividade tem sido muito abaixo do seu potencial. Geralmente, isso se deve a problemas de suprimento hídrico e nutricional. Dentre os nutrientes, o nitrogênio (N) e o potássio (K) são requeridos em maiores quantidades pela bananeira. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de quatro doses de N (0; 117; 235 e 352 kg ha-1 de N) e de K (0; 157; 313 e 470 kg ha-1 de K2O), aplicados via fertirrigação, avaliaram-se características produtivas de um 2º ciclo de cultivo da banana cv. Prata-Anã, em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo dos tabuleiros costeiros do Nordeste brasileiro. O N não influenciou na produção de banana, enquanto a resposta ao K foi linear. O nível crítico de K pelo Mehlich-1, na profundidade de 0,20- 0,40 m, foi 0,71 mmol c kg-1.

Gas exchanges in peach palms as a function of the spad chlorophyll meter readings

The close relationship between the chlorophyll-meters readings and the total chlorophyll and nitrogen contents in leaves, has allowed their evaluation both in annual and perennial species. Besides, some physiological events such as the CO2 assimilation have also been estimated by chlorophyll meters. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the gas exchanges of peach palms as a function of the chlorophyll SPAD-Meter readings. Three year-old peach palms from Yurimaguas, Peru were studied in Ubatuba, SP, Brazil, spaced 2 x 1 m in area under a natural gradient of organic matter which allowed four plots to be considered, according to the peach palms leaves colors, from light yellow to dark green. The SPAD readings and the stomatal frequency of leaflets were evaluated. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, μmol m-2 s-1), the leaf temperature (Tleaf, ºC), the CO2 assimilation (A, μmol m-2 s-1), the stomatal conductance (g s, mol m-2 s-1), the transpiration (E, mmol m-2 s-1) and the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci, μmol mol-1) were evaluated with a portable infrared gas analyzer (LCA-4, ADC BioScientific Ltd., Great Amwell, U.K.). A linear increase in the CO2 assimilation as a function of the SPAD readings (y = -0.34 + 0.19x, R² = 0.99), indicates that they can be a rapid and cheap complementary method to evaluate in peach palms some important physiological events, such as CO2 assimilation.

Atividade inseticida do óleo essencial de Tanaecium nocturnum (Barb. Rodr.) Bur. & K. Shum (Bignoneaceae) sobre Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

O óleo essencial extraído de folhas frescas de Tanaecium nocturnum (Barb. Rodr.) Bur.& K. Shum por destilação de arraste a vapor foi avaliado quanto à toxicidade a Sitophilus zeamais Motsch., principal praga do milho armazenado. Papel de filtro e grãos de milho foram impregnados pelo óleo para se avaliar o efeito por via de contato (papel-filtro) e fumigação, respectivamente. Para avaliação do efeito da aplicação tópica 0,5 µl das diferentes concentrações do óleo foram aplicadas em adultos do inseto. A partir de uma ampla faixa de concentrações, foram determinadas as mais promissoras para os bioensaios definitivos. Na determinação das dose/concentrações-letais (DL50 e CL50) foi utilizada a análise de Probit, realizando-se também, uma análise de regressão linear conjunta de todos os dados de mortalidade. O óleo de T. nocturnum foi considerado tóxico para S. zeamais baseado nos seguintes valores: CL50 de 14,1 ng.cm-2 e CL50 de 1.321,6 ng.g-1 de grãos para os efeitos de contacto (papel-filtro) e fumigação, respectivamente, e DL50 de 14,7 µg.mg-1 de inseto para efeito tópico. Porcentagens de mortalidade próximas a 100 % foram obtidas nas concentrações de: 2 e 5 % (m/v) (contato), 3 4, e 5 % (m/v) (fumigação) e 10 % (m/v) para o efeito de aplicação tópica. O presente estudo mostrou que o ácido cianídrico, liberado do óleo essencial de T. nocturnum por hidrólise, pode ter atividade inseticida para S. zeamais e que concentrações acima de 4 % (m/v) são promissoras no controle do inseto.

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do milho: II. efeito de doses crescentes de N, R e K no crescimento, produção e composição mineral da variedade Piranão em condições controladas

O milho, var. Piranão, foi cultivado em solução nutritiva com níveis crescentes de N, R e K. Houve resposta linear à adição de N e assintótica às doses de R e de K. A determinação da atividade da reductase de nitrato se correlacionou melhor com a produção da matéria seca que a do N total nas folhas. O teor de potássio total nas folhas, por sua vez refletiu melhor o estado nutricional que a determinação de putrescina nas folhas.

Respostas do cacaueiro à aplicação de N, P e K em dois solos da Amazônia Brasileira

A cacauicultura da Amazônia está implantada em solos eutróficos, com predominância da Terra Roxa Estruturada, e em Latossolos ou Podzólicos distróficos, sendo desconhecidas as limitações nutricionais desses solos na fase produtiva do cacaueiro. As respostas do cacaueiro à aplicação de N, P e K foram determinadas em dois experimentos instalados nos municípios de Medicilândia, ao longo da Rodovia Transamazônica, e Benevides, Pará, em solos das unidades Terra Roxa Estrutura eutrófica (TR) e Latossolo Amarelo (LA), respectivamente. As lavouras de cacau do híbrido Sca 6 x Be 10 foram implantadas após o corte e queima da mata primária, utilizando-se, como esquema experimental, um fatorial NPK 2³ com tratamentos adicionais de P. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o P foi o principal nutriente que limitou a produção, provocando incrementos de produtividade (P < 0,01) da ordem de 13,7% (110 kg ha-1) e 44,3% (214 kg ha-1) nos solos TR e LA, respectivamente, na média do período 1987 a 1993. O K também aumentou (P < 0,01) o rendimento de amêndoas secas de cacau no solo LA, verificando-se, ainda, interações significativas (P < 0,05) entre N x K e P x K neste solo. A resposta linear do cacaueiro ao P e o aumento ou diminuição da taxa de infecção de vassoura-de-bruxa ao N, P e K evidenciam a necessidade de novas pesquisas para definir a dosagem econômica de P, de K e o efeito da interação dos nutrientes com a enfermidade.

Simulating maize phenology as a function of air temperature with a linear and a nonlinear model

The objective of this study was to adapt a nonlinear model (Wang and Engel - WE) for simulating the phenology of maize (Zea mays L.), and to evaluate this model and a linear one (thermal time), in order to predict developmental stages of a field-grown maize variety. A field experiment, during 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 was conducted in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, in two growing seasons, with seven sowing dates each. Dates of emergence, silking, and physiological maturity of the maize variety BRS Missões were recorded in six replications in each sowing date. Data collected in 2005/2006 growing season were used to estimate the coefficients of the two models, and data collected in the 2006/2007 growing season were used as independent data set for model evaluations. The nonlinear WE model accurately predicted the date of silking and physiological maturity, and had a lower root mean square error (RMSE) than the linear (thermal time) model. The overall RMSE for silking and physiological maturity was 2.7 and 4.8 days with WE model, and 5.6 and 8.3 days with thermal time model, respectively.

Acúmulo de N, K, Ca, Mg e S na matéria seca da parte aérea de mudas de cajueiro-anão-precoce submetidas a níveis crescentes de matéria orgânica

Com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de níveis crescentes de matéria orgânica no acúmulo de macronutrientes de porta-enxertos de cajueiro-anão-precoce em 4 estádios de crescimento, foi conduzido experimento na área experimental do Departamento de Irrigação e Drenagem da Universidade Federal do Ceará, em Fortaleza, Ceará, no período de abril a junho de 1995. Utilizou-se como substrato mistura de solo e húmus de minhoca em proporções variadas. Para o plantio, utilizou-se semente de cajueiro-anão-precoce progênie CCP-76. Os tratamentos resultaram da aplicação de cinco níveis de matéria orgânica (0; 100; 200; 300 e 400 cm³/2,5kg solo) e 4 épocas de avaliação (15; 30; 45 e 60 dias após a germinação). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcela subdividida, com quatro repetições e seis plantas por parcela. Amostras do material vegetal foram submetidas à digestão nítricoperclórica, para determinação de K, Ca, Mg e S, respectivamente, e sulfúrica, para determinar o N. A adição de níveis crescentes de matéria orgânica ao substrato apresentou efeito linear positivo, para o N e K, atingindo o máximo para a dose de 400 cm3. Em relação aos efeitos das épocas, verificou-se efeito linear negativo. Quanto ao Ca, Mg e S, por serem considerados de baixa mobilidade no floema, estes apresentaram tendências de concentração com o incremento de massa seca das mudas.

Estudo microcalorimétrico da interação de tensoativos n-alquil-sulfato de sódio com tripsina a 298 k

Systematic study of the interactions of ionic surfactants with protein trypsin in buffer solution pH 3.5, 7.0 and 9.0, ionic strength 10 mM at 298 K was done using the microcalorimetric technique. In this study, anionic surfactant solutions of the sodium n-alkyl sulfates series (C8, C10, C12 and C14) were used. The enthalpy of interaction (ΔintHº) shows that the interaction of the surfactants C8, C10, C12 and C14 with trypsin in the solution pH 3.5 is an endothermic process with the value of ΔintHº decreasing linearly with increasing carbon chain length, which is attributed to the unfolding of the polypeptide chain. In the solution pH 7.0, we observed the same trend except for C14. In the solution pH 9.0, from C10 the enthapy of interaction didn't change with the increasing of the carbon chain length due to unfolding of the polypeptide. We concluded that when trypsin is folded, the enthalpy of interaction shows a linear relationship with the surfactant's hydrophobicity, in agreement with Traube's rule.

Estudo calorimétrico da interação de álcoois com Saccharomyces cerevisiae a 298 K

The calorimetric experiments based on technique breaking ampoule were carried out by measuring of the heat of solution of alcohol in isotonic solution (NaCl 0.10 M) and alcohol in suspension of Sc at 298 K. From these data the enthalpy of interaction alcohol with suspension of Sc (DtrsH°) was calculate by Hess law. In this study, the results indicate that the enthalpy of interaction of aliphatic alcohol (C2-C8) with suspensions of Sc is a process exothermic and becomes more exothermic with increasing of -CH2 group of alcohol in range -1,14 to -4,0 kJ.mol-1. We concluded that enthalpy of interaction shows a linear relationship with increasing of alcohol's lipophilicity, in agreement with Traube's rule.

Utilização do índice de retenção linear para caracterização de compostos voláteis em café solúvel utilizando GC-MS e coluna HP-Innowax

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is widely used for the characterization of volatile compounds. However, due to the complexity of the soluble coffee matrix, a complete identification of the components should not be based on mass spectra interpretation only. The linear index of retention (LRI) is frequently used to give support to mass spectra. The aim of this work is to investigate the characterization of the volatile compounds in soluble coffee samples by GC-MS using LRI values found with a HP-INNOWAX column. The method used allows a significant increase of the reliability of identifying compounds.

Volatile and non-volatile compounds and antimicrobial activity of Mansoa difficilis (Cham.) Bureau & K. Schum: (Bignoniaceae)

Essential oil from the leaves of Mansoa difficilis was analyzed by GC/MS. Oct-1-en-3-ol (49.65%) was the major compound, but diallyl di- and trisulfide were also present (0.85 and 0.37%, respectively), justifying the garlic-like odor of the crushed leaves. The hexane and methanol extracts of the leaves and stems afforded as main constituents a mixture of linear hydrocarbons, spinasterol, stigmasterol, ursolic and oleanolic acids, two apigenin derivatives and verbascoside. The hexane and methanol extracts of leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity against ten microorganisms. The hexane extract was active against both Psedomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Comparison of maps of spatial variability of soil resistance to penetration constructed with and without covariables using a spatial linear model

A study about the spatial variability of data of soil resistance to penetration (RSP) was conducted at layers 0.0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m and 0.2-0.3 m depth, using the statistical methods in univariate forms, i.e., using traditional geostatistics, forming thematic maps by ordinary kriging for each layer of the study. It was analyzed the RSP in layer 0.2-0.3 m depth through a spatial linear model (SLM), which considered the layers 0.0-0.1 m and 0.1-0.2 m in depth as covariable, obtaining an estimation model and a thematic map by universal kriging. The thematic maps of the RSP at layer 0.2-0.3 m depth, constructed by both methods, were compared using measures of accuracy obtained from the construction of the matrix of errors and confusion matrix. There are similarities between the thematic maps. All maps showed that the RSP is higher in the north region.

A modified contour error controller for a high speed XY table

This article deals with a contour error controller (CEC) applied in a high speed biaxial table. It works simultaneously with the table axes controllers, helping them. In the early stages of the investigation, it was observed that its main problem is imprecision when tracking non-linear contours at high speeds. The objectives of this work are to show that this problem is caused by the lack of exactness of the contour error mathematical model and to propose modifications in it. An additional term is included, resulting in a more accurate value of the contour error, enabling the use of this type of motion controller at higher feedrate. The response results from simulated and experimental tests are compared with those of common PID and non-corrected CEC in order to analyse the effectiveness of this controller over the system. The main conclusions are that the proposed contour error mathematical model is simple, accurate, almost insensible to the feedrate and that a 20:1 reduction of the integral absolute contour error is possible.

Linear competitive inhibition of human tissue kallikrein by 4-aminobenzamidine and benzamidine and linear mixed inhibition by 4-nitroaniline and aniline

Hydrolysis of D-valyl-L-leucyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide (7.5-90.0 µM) by human tissue kallikrein (hK1) (4.58-5.27 nM) at pH 9.0 and 37ºC was studied in the absence and in the presence of increasing concentrations of 4-aminobenzamidine (96-576 µM), benzamidine (1.27-7.62 mM), 4-nitroaniline (16.5-66 µM) and aniline (20-50 mM). The kinetic parameters determined in the absence of inhibitors were: Km = 12.0 ± 0.8 µM and k cat = 48.4 ± 1.0 min-1. The data indicate that the inhibition of hK1 by 4-aminobenzamidine and benzamidine is linear competitive, while the inhibition by 4-nitroaniline and aniline is linear mixed, with the inhibitor being able to bind both to the free enzyme with a dissociation constant Ki yielding an EI complex, and to the ES complex with a dissociation constant Ki', yielding an ESI complex. The calculated Ki values for 4-aminobenzamidine, benzamidine, 4-nitroaniline and aniline were 146 ± 10, 1,098 ± 91, 38.6 ± 5.2 and 37,340 ± 5,400 µM, respectively. The calculated Ki' values for 4-nitroaniline and aniline were 289.3 ± 92.8 and 310,500 ± 38,600 µM, respectively. The fact that Ki'>Ki indicates that 4-nitroaniline and aniline bind to a second binding site in the enzyme with lower affinity than they bind to the active site. The data about the inhibition of hK1 by 4-aminobenzamidine and benzamidine help to explain previous observations that esters, anilides or chloromethyl ketone derivatives of Nalpha-substituted arginine are more sensitive substrates or inhibitors of hK1 than the corresponding lysine compounds.

Heart rate recovery after exercise: relations to heart rate variability and complexity

Physical exercise is associated with parasympathetic withdrawal and increased sympathetic activity resulting in heart rate increase. The rate of post-exercise cardiodeceleration is used as an index of cardiac vagal reactivation. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and complexity can provide useful information about autonomic control of the cardiovascular system. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the association between heart rate decrease after exercise and HRV parameters. Heart rate was monitored in 17 healthy male subjects (mean age: 20 years) during the pre-exercise phase (25 min supine, 5 min standing), during exercise (8 min of the step test with an ascending frequency corresponding to 70% of individual maximal power output) and during the recovery phase (30 min supine). HRV analysis in the time and frequency domains and evaluation of a newly developed complexity measure - sample entropy - were performed on selected segments of heart rate time series. During recovery, heart rate decreased gradually but did not attain pre-exercise values within 30 min after exercise. On the other hand, HRV gradually increased, but did not regain rest values during the study period. Heart rate complexity was slightly reduced after exercise and attained rest values after 30-min recovery. The rate of cardiodeceleration did not correlate with pre-exercise HRV parameters, but positively correlated with HRV measures and sample entropy obtained from the early phases of recovery. In conclusion, the cardiodeceleration rate is independent of HRV measures during the rest period but it is related to early post-exercise recovery HRV measures, confirming a parasympathetic contribution to this phase.