Fatal pulmonary thromboembolism in gastrectomy intraoperative procedures by gastric adenocarcinoma: case report

The case of a patient with gastric adenocarcinoma with indication for gastrectomy is reported. The surgery took place without complications. A palliative, subtotal gastrectomy was performed after para-aortic lymph nodes compromised by neoplasm were found, which was confirmed by pathological exam of frozen sections carried out during the intervention. At the end of the gastroenteroanastomosis procedure, the patient began to show intense bradycardia: 38 beats per minute (bpm), arterial hypotension, changes in the electrocardiogram's waveform (upper unlevelling of segment ST), and cardiac arrest. Resuscitation maneuvers were performed with temporary success. Subsequently, the patient had another circulatory breakdown and again was recovered. Finally, the third cardiac arrest proved to be irreversible, and the intra-operative death occurred. Necropsy showed massive pulmonary embolism. The medical literature has recommended heparinization of patients, in an attempt to avoid pulmonary thromboembolism following major surgical interventions. However, in the present case, heparinization would have been insufficient to prevent death. This case indicates that it is necessary to develop preoperative propedeutics for diagnosing the presence of venous thrombi with potential to migrate, causing pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). If such thrombi could be detected, preventative measures, such as filter installation in the Cava vein could be undertaken.

Intestinal intussusception and occlusion caused by small bowel polyps in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Management by combined intraoperative enteroscopy and resection through minimal enterostomy: case report

The Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a hereditary disease that requires frequent endoscopic and surgical intervention, leading to secondary complications such as short bowel syndrome. CASE REPORT: This paper reports on a 15-year-old male patient with a family history of the disease, who underwent surgery for treatment of an intestinal occlusion due to a small intestine intussusception. DISCUSSION: An intra-operative fiberscopic procedure was included for the detection and treatment of numerous polyps distributed along the small intestine. Enterotomy was performed to treat only the larger polyps, therefore limiting the intestinal resection to smaller segments. The postoperative follow-up was uneventful. CONCLUSION: We point out the importance of conservative treatment for patients with this syndrome, especially those who will undergo repeated surgical interventions because of clinical manifestation while they are still young.

Conventional approach x laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer treatment after neoadjuvant chemoradiation: results of a prospective randomized trial

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection compared to conventional approach for surgical treatment of patients with distal rectal cancer presenting with incomplete response after chemoradiation. METHOD: Twenty eight patients with distal rectal adenocarcinoma were randomized to undergo surgical treatment by laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection or conventional approach and evaluated prospectively. Thirteen underwent laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and 15 conventional approach. RESULTS: There was no significant difference (p<0,05) between the two studied groups regarding: gender, age, body mass index, patients with previous abdominal surgeries, intra and post operative complications, need for blood transfusion, hospital stay after surgery, length of resected segment and pathological staging. Mean operation time was 228 minutes for the laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection versus 284 minutes for the conventional approach (p=0.04). Mean anesthesia duration was shorter (p=0.03) for laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection when compared to conventional approach : 304 and 362 minutes, respectively. There was no need for conversion to open approach in this series. After a mean follow-up of 47.2 months and with the exclusion of two patients in the conventional abdominoperineal resection who presented with unsuspected synchronic metastasis during surgery, local recurrence was observed in two patients in the conventional group and in none in the laparoscopic group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection is feasible, similar to conventional approach concerning surgery duration, intra operative morbidity, blood requirements and post operative morbidity. Larger number of cases and an extended follow-up are required to adequate evaluation of oncological results for patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection after chemoradiation for radical treatment of distal rectal cancer.

Extração de fitobezoar gástrico por videolaparoscopia: considerações técnicas originais

Videolaparoscopic surgery has been used for treatment of almost all surgical abdominal diseases, mainly where there are no large ressections, or operative field is limited. In these situations, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of less morbidity, quick recovery and good cosmetic results. Bezoars removal, or its mobilization, is probably included in these possible proceedings. Three non-laparotomic procedures were described: 1. endoscopic-laparoscopic; 2. videolaparoscopy and mobilization of intestinal bezoar to the cecum; 3. laparoscopy and gastrotomy for bezoar removal, through suprapubic incision or the umbilical punction. There have been only two publications describing the videolaparoscopic method for bezoar removal, and the methods applied can be complications or morbidity related. We describe one case where the applied technique is simple and easy to perform, time saving and probably less complications-related. This technique, with four trocars, utilized a plastic bag besides the stomach to be opened, followed by gastrotomy, bezoar removal and immediate introduction in the plastic bag, suture of gastrotomy and removal through the left subcostal trocar. This technique was feasible and easy to perform, with short operative time, and there were no intra or post-operative complications; the patient was discharged in the second post-operative day, and is without further problems after one year follow-up. We believe that this could be an adequate technique to perform laparoscopic gastric bezoar removal, and the rigid sequence of operative events allows a quick procedure, with minimal contamination. The videolaparoscopy seems to be an adequate access to surgical treatment of gastro-intestinal bezoars, with or without obstruction, and should be the ellected the procedure of choice to begin the surgical treatment, with convertion to laparotomy in case of any intra-operative adversity.

Incidence, risk factors and prognostic factors of acute renal failure in patients admitted to an intensive care unit

The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence, risk factors and outcome of patients who develop acute renal failure (ARF) in intensive care units. In this prospective observational study, 221 patients with a 48-h minimum stay, 18-year-old minimum age and absence of overt acute or chronic renal failure were included. Exclusion criteria were organ donors and renal transplantation patients. ARF was defined as a creatinine level above 1.5 mg/dL. Statistics were performed using Pearsons' chi2 test, Student t-test, and Wilcoxon test. Multivariate analysis was run using all variables with P < 0.1 in the univariate analysis. ARF developed in 19.0% of the patients, with 76.19% resulting in death. Main risk factors (univariate analysis) were: higher intra-operative hydration and bleeding, higher death risk by APACHE II score, logist organ dysfunction system on the first day, mechanical ventilation, shock due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/sepsis, noradrenaline use, and plasma creatinine and urea levels on admission. Heart rate on admission (OR = 1.023 (1.002-1.044)), male gender (OR = 4.275 (1.340-13642)), shock due to SIRS/sepsis (OR = 8.590 (2.710-27.229)), higher intra-operative hydration (OR = 1.002 (1.000-1004)), and plasma urea on admission (OR = 1.012 (0.980-1044)) remained significant (multivariate analysis). The mortality risk factors (univariate analysis) were shock due to SIRS/sepsis, mechanical ventilation, blood stream infection, potassium and bicarbonate levels. Only potassium levels remained significant (P = 0.037). In conclusion, ARF has a high incidence, morbidity and mortality when it occurs in intensive care unit. There is a very close association with hemodynamic status and multiple organ dysfunction.

Histopathological diagnosis of intra- and extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis

The histopathology of the liver is fundamental for the differential diagnosis between intra- and extrahepatic causes of neonatal cholestasis. However, histopathological findings may overlap and there is disagreement among authors concerning those which could discriminate between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. Forty-six liver biopsies (35 wedge biopsies and 11 percutaneous biopsies) and one specimen from a postmortem examination, all from patients hospitalized for neonatal cholestasis in the Pediatrics Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, were prospectively studied using a specially designed histopathological protocol. At least 4 of 5 different stains were used, and 46 hepatic histopathological variables related to the differential diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis were studied. The findings were scored for severity on a scale from 0 to 4. Sections which showed less than 3 portal spaces were excluded from the study. Sections were examined by a pathologist who was unaware of the final diagnosis of each case. Bile tract permeability was defined by scintigraphy of the bile ducts and operative cholangiography. The F test and discriminant analysis were used as statistical methods for the study of the hepatic histopathological variables. The chi-square method with Yates correction was used to relate the age of the patients on the date of the histopathological study to the discriminatory variables between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis selected by the discriminant function test. The most valuable hepatic histopathological variables for the discrimination between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis, in decreasing order of importance, were periportal ductal proliferation, portal ductal proliferation, portal expansion, cholestasis in neoductules, foci of myeloid metaplasia, and portal-portal bridges. The only variable which pointed to the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis was myeloid metaplasia. Due to the small number of patients who were younger than 60 days on the date of the histopathological study (N = 6), no variable discriminated between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis before the age of 2 months and all of them, except for the portal expansion, were discriminatory after this age. In infants with cholestasis, foci of myeloid metaplasia, whenever present in the liver biopsy, suggested intrahepatic cholestasis. Periportal ductal proliferation, portal ductal proliferation, portal expansion, cholestasis in neoductules, portal cholestasis and portal-portal bridges suggested extrahepatic obstructive cholestasis.

Tratamento endoscópico do cisto odontogênico com extensão intra-sinusal

Cistos odontogênicos são lesões pouco comuns que podem ocorrer após inflamação da polpa dentária. A abordagem terapêutica destes cistos é realizada em consultórios odontológicos e, dependendo de sua extensão, pode ocasionar a formação de fístula oroantral e rinossinusite crônica. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor o tratamento videoendoscópico do cisto odontogênico com expressão em seio maxilar. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de quatro casos de cistos de origem dentária, com extensão intra-sinusal, complicados com fístula oroantral e sinusite crônica de seio maxilar após curetagem em consultório odontológico. Utilizamos a técnica videoendoscópica via transmaxilar para acessarmos o cisto intra-sinusal. Os quatro pacientes apresentaram resolução do quadro infeccioso e cicatrização da fístula oroantral, sem recidiva durante o seguimento. A cirurgia videoendoscópica é um método seguro e efetivo para tratamento do cisto odontogênico descrito, podendo contribuir para prevenir a formação de fístula oroantral e supuração de seio maxilar.

Telemetria de resposta neural intra-operatória em usuários de implante coclear

A possibilidade de realizar o implante coclear em crianças pequenas torna necessário o uso de medidas objetivas para auxiliar a programação do processador de fala. Telemetria é a propriedade que permite, no Nucleus 24®, a obtenção do potencial de ação composto evocado do VIII par (EAP) utilizando o implante como instrumento de estimulação e gravação para o estudo das propriedades neurais remanescentes. OBJETIVO: Descrever a utilização do sistema de telemetria para a gravação do EAP, caracterizando as respostas obtidas e a sua prevalência na condição intraoperatória. FORMA DE ESTUDO: clínico com coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Medidas das impedâncias dos eletrodos e do EAP em um grupo de 17 indivíduos usuários do implante Nucleus 24® durante a cirurgia. Análise das respostas de acordo com a etiologia, o tempo de duração da surdez e a posição dos eletrodos dentro da cóclea. RESULTADOS: Maior prevalência nos eletrodos apicais e limiares mais elevados nos casos de meningite e otosclerose. CONCLUSÃO: A telemetria é eficiente para a verificação da integridade dos eletrodos na condição intraoperatória e para a gravação do EAP, apresentando alta prevalência na população estudada.

Ultra-sonografia intra-oral e transcutânea cervical no diagnóstico diferencial de celulite e abscessos periamigdalianos

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a especificidade, sensibilidade e a acurácia da ultra-sonografia (USG) intra-oral e transcutânea no diagnóstico de celulite e abscesso periamigdalianos. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico Prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Trinta e nove pacientes foram atendidos no pronto-socorro de otorrinolaringologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo com diagnóstico clínico de celulite ou abscesso periamigdaliano. Em todos os pacientes, após a avaliação inicial, foram realizadas ultra-sonografias intra-oral e transcutânea. RESULTADOS: O USG intra-oral foi realizado em 35 casos e demonstrou sensibilidade de 95,2%, especificidade de 78,5% e a acurácia de 86,9%. A USG transcutânea foi factível em todos os 39 pacientes e diagnosticou abscesso periamigdaliano em 53,8% dos pacientes. A sensibilidade foi de 80%, a especificidade de 92,8% e a acurácia de 84,5%. CONCLUSÕES: O USG intra-oral foi bastante sensível no diagnóstico de abscessos periamigdalianos. O USG transcutâneo obteve especificidade superior ao intra-oral. Porém, quando o USG transcutâneo foi realizado em pacientes com trismo, este diagnosticou todos os abscessos periamigdalianos, já que se tratava de coleções grandes, comuns em pacientes com trismo. Estes exames tiveram acurácia semelhantes.

O Brasil diante da dinâmica migratória intra-regional vigente na América Latina e Caribe: tendências, perspectivas e oportunidades em uma nova era

O artigo explora as contribuições brasileiras na dinâmica migratória intra-regional vigente entre países da América Latina e Caribe. A dinâmica migratória intra-regional inclui as diásporas e os fluxos de brasileiros residentes nos países vizinhos e suas contrapartes latino-americanas e caribenhas residentes no Brasil. Verifica-se que o Brasil é o quinto emissor e quarto receptor de migrantes intra-regionais.

Utilização de uma curva de crescimento intra-uterino corrigido para peso e altura maternos

A necessidade do diagnóstico da desnutrição fetal levou à construção de várias curvas de crescimento intra-uterino. As diferenças étnicas e sócio-econômicas entre as populações impedem a utilização, em nosso meio, de curvas elaboradas em países desenvolvidos. A precariedade dos registros de pré-natal e de peso ao nascer torna muito difícil a construção de uma curva desse tipo. Foi demonstrada a validade da utilização da curva de crescimento intra-uterino de Tanner e Thomson, uma vez que ela introduz um fator de correção para a altura da mulher e para o peso na 20.ª semana da gestação. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que é possível e fácil a aplicação da curva de Tanner e Thomson à população de gestantes sadias.

A utilização de uma curva ponderal de gestantes normais no diagnóstico de desnutrição intra-uterina

Com a finalidade de estudar a influência do estado nutricional materno sobre o peso do recém-nascido, foram aplicadas as "Curvas de Gestantes Normais" em 1.347 gestantes normais. A utilização destas curvas permitiu identificar o estado nutricional materno, dividindo as gestantes em estudo em três grupos, sendo: 243 gestantes magras ou subnutridas, 894. normais e 210 obesas. Foram comparados os pesos dos recém-nascidos de cada grupo de gestantes e verificou-se que a incidência de prematuridade foi duas vezes maior entre os recém-nascidos de mulheres magras, sendo a incidência de pós-termo o dobro nas gestantes obesas. Verificou-se ainda que os pequenos para idade gestacional tem uma maior incidência nas gestantes magras e também nas normais, cujos ganhos de pesos se apresentem abaixo da média da "Curva Ponderal de Gestantes Normais".

Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomíase americana: XXI - Comportamento de espécies triatomíneas silvestres na reinfestação do intra e peridomicílio

Apresentam-se os resultados obtidos com a observação da presença triatomínea em três localidades, uma delas caracterizada por estar submetida a vigilância anual ininterrupta, e duas por terem sido expurgadas respectivamente seis e um ano e meio antes. As duas primeiras situam-se em áreas de endemicidade de Panstrongylus megistus e a terceira em região endêmica para Triatoma sordida. Em todas foram levadas a efeito inspeções bimestrais destinadas a detectar a presença de triatomíneos no intra e no peridomicílio. Pôde-se confirmar o aspecto lento da domiciliação de P. megistus, em aparente contraste com o T. sordida que desenvolve intensas colônias peridomiciliares. Pelo menos em relação a esta última espécie, não parece haver diferença atrativa por parte do intra e do peridomicílio. A reinfestação do P. megistus acha-se associada freqüente com a presença de infecção natural. A reintrodução de Triatoma infestans associa-se à mobilidade da população humana. A colonização peridomiciliar de T. sordida permitiu o estudo do desenvolvimento dessas colônias, obtendo-se marcante paralelismo com os dados conseguidos em galinheiros experimentais (GE) e objeto de publicações anteriores. A presença de Rhodnius neglectus nas três áreas, embora discreta, chama a atenção para seu possível potencial de domiciliação. Com este artigo encerra-se a série "Aspectos ecológicos de tripanossomíase americana".